{"id":118315,"date":"2020-11-23T18:45:46","date_gmt":"2020-11-23T15:45:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/en.buradabiliyorum.com\/prosecuting-within-complex-criminal-networks-is-hard-data-analysis-could-save-the-courts-precious-time-and-money\/"},"modified":"2020-11-23T18:45:46","modified_gmt":"2020-11-23T15:45:46","slug":"prosecuting-within-complex-criminal-networks-is-hard-data-analysis-could-save-the-courts-precious-time-and-money","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/prosecuting-within-complex-criminal-networks-is-hard-data-analysis-could-save-the-courts-precious-time-and-money\/","title":{"rendered":"#Prosecuting within complex criminal networks is hard. Data analysis could save the courts precious time and money"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&#8220;<strong>#Prosecuting within complex criminal networks is hard. Data analysis could save the courts precious time and money<\/strong>&#8221;<\/p>\n<div>\n<div class=\"article-gallery lightGallery\">\n<div data-thumb=\"https:\/\/scx1.b-cdn.net\/csz\/news\/tmb\/2020\/prosecutingw.jpg\" data-src=\"https:\/\/scx2.b-cdn.net\/gfx\/news\/hires\/2020\/prosecutingw.jpg\" data-sub-html=\"Credit: Shutterstock\">\n<figure class=\"article-img\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/scx1.b-cdn.net\/csz\/news\/800\/2020\/prosecutingw.jpg\" alt=\"Prosecuting within complex criminal networks is hard. Data analysis could save the courts precious time and money\" title=\"Credit: Shutterstock\" width=\"800\" height=\"480\"\/><figcaption class=\"text-darken text-low-up text-truncate-js text-truncate mt-3\">\n                Credit: Shutterstock<br \/>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>It&#8217;s no secret the trail of data we leave online can reveal intimate details about our lives. And there are myriad people whose job it is to collect and sift through this, often with a goal to engage in targeted advertising.<\/p>\n<p>                                                                                Another use for the field of &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/social-mediaa\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"1\" title=\"Social Media\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">social<\/a> network analysis&#8221; could eventually be to help prosecutors in criminal courts make sense of huge amounts of digital evidence, collected both online and from devices offline. <\/p>\n<p>This would be particularly useful in trials with several defendants, saving courts precious <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.unicri.it\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-08\/Artificial%20Intelligence%20Collection.pdf\">time and money<\/a>. Criminal networks can use online spaces such as <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wired.com\/2016\/01\/the-silk-roads-dark-web-dream-is-dead\/\">dark web marketplaces<\/a> to organise crime and reach more victims and clients. <\/p>\n<p>Transaction patterns, messages and page visits are all clues that can help unpack such a network.<\/p>\n<p><b>What it is and how does it work?<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Social network analysis involves using <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/forensiclogic.com\/coplinkx\/\">advanced computer software<\/a> to explore segments of patterns that recur in social interactions, online and offline. It offers scholars a broad <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/mis.csit.sci.tsu.ac.th\/siraya\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/1Social-Network-Analysis-An-Introduction-1.pdf\">perspective on the world<\/a> of human relations. <\/p>\n<p>This form of analysis doesn&#8217;t just look at who you&#8217;re friends with on Instagram\u2014it looks at which decisions you make as an individual, which you make in a group and how these layers of choices influence your world.<\/p>\n<p>In its simplest form, these social networks can be presented in graphs. There are &#8220;nodes&#8221; (which represent people) connected by lines or &#8220;edges.&#8221; An edge could represent a phone call, message or meeting.<\/p>\n<p>Look at the graph of the real network of the Al-Qaeda terrorists involved in the September 11 attack. Can you figure out who the most &#8220;connected&#8221; terrorist is?<\/p>\n<p><b>The murky networks of crime syndicates<\/b><\/p>\n<p>This information is often expressed in mathematical form, too. These numbers offer information about the dynamics of a group and the specific role of each individual within. <\/p>\n<p>Social network analysis is particularly effective in helping investigators understand covert criminal networks, whether this is a <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/01639625.2017.1421128?casa_token=iN3IoTzBALQAAAAA%3ALGj43P6qM_p5aidR4Lxn-bItgvxld5Z1fBKLxZON0C03caJcIN8MQy7tP-wYTNnJjTazheuip3_YGCc&amp;\">biker gang<\/a>, <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12117-020-09397-5\">group of cyber criminals<\/a> or <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/iris.unime.it\/retrieve\/handle\/11570\/3110930\/166254\/Thesis%20Roberto%20Musotto%20final%20version.pdf\">members of the Sicilian Mafia<\/a>. It can reveal details such as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>who the key individuals are in the group<\/li>\n<li>how the various members are connected with one another<\/li>\n<li>how the members combine, or act alone, to carry out crime.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A judge in a preliminary hearing could consult a graph like the one above to help decide whether there is a case to be made against each member.<br \/>\n                                            <!-- Google middle Adsense block --><\/p>\n<p>Mathematical metrics could further filter out individuals for which there is enough evidence to prosecute. This would also help judges reach fairer decisions on jail terms or acquittals.<\/p>\n<p><b>Surfing through oceans of data<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Due to time, money and human resource restrictions, often not all evidence from investigations is used in criminal court proceedings.<\/p>\n<div class=\"article-gallery lightGallery\">\n<div data-thumb=\"https:\/\/scx1.b-cdn.net\/csz\/news\/tmb\/2020\/1-prosecutingw.jpg\" data-src=\"https:\/\/scx2.b-cdn.net\/gfx\/news\/2020\/1-prosecutingw.jpg\" data-sub-html=\"This graph represents the hijacker network responsible for the 2001 attack on the World Trade Centre. Credit: Valdis Krebs\">\n<figure class=\"article-img text-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/scx1.b-cdn.net\/csz\/news\/800\/2020\/1-prosecutingw.jpg\" alt=\"Prosecuting within complex criminal networks is hard. Data analysis could save the courts precious time and money\"\/><figcaption class=\"text-left text-darken text-truncate text-low-up mt-3\">\n                This graph represents the hijacker network responsible for the 2001 attack on the World Trade Centre. Credit: Valdis Krebs<br \/>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Social network analysis would greatly benefit prosecutors in criminal trials involving an excess of digital evidence, which <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mordorintelligence.com\/industry-reports\/global-digital-forensics-market-industry\">continues to grow<\/a> alongside <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/general\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"3\" title=\"General\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">general<\/a> online data.<\/p>\n<p>In Australia, any electronic device seized by authorities must be evaluated in court. Western Australia&#8217;s police force processes over <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/securitybrief.com.au\/story\/wa-police-force-uses-tech-to-build-a-case-against-criminals\">2.8 terabytes of data<\/a> (2,800 GB) for every case it investigates.<\/p>\n<p>In the <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.unimelb.edu.au\/opinionsonhigh\/2014\/04\/10\/bell-group-case-page\/\">2008 trial<\/a> of Bell Group v Westpac Banking Corporation, digital evidence extended the final judgement enormously to about 2,500 pages.<\/p>\n<p>Similarly, a 2016 civil case in Victoria, <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/victorianreports.com.au\/judgment\/view\/51-VR-421\">McConnell Dowell Constructors v Santam and Others<\/a>, required counsel to go through 1.4 million documents in electronic format. This would have taken about 583 weeks. <\/p>\n<p>The Supreme Court allowed (for the first time) a <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lawinorder.com.au\/our-services\/ediscovery-services\/managed-document-review?utm_source=google&amp;utm_medium=cpc&amp;utm_campaign=MDR&amp;utm_term=ediscovery&amp;creative=329206319214&amp;keyword=ediscovery&amp;matchtype=b&amp;network=g&amp;device=c&amp;creative=329206319214&amp;keyword=ediscovery&amp;matchtype=b&amp;network=g&amp;device=c&amp;gclid=Cj0KCQiAwMP9BRCzARIsAPWTJ_HbBpaItGupGfiN97oCTDDwDv-TctATaCSLRH69GUSvv1bZfq7NyFAaAtm6EALw_wcB\">technology-assisted review<\/a> to isolate the most &#8220;relevant&#8221; documents. <\/p>\n<p>But this didn&#8217;t help the court understand how the various documents were linked, which would only be <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/345966.345982\">possible through social network analysis<\/a>. <\/p>\n<p><b>Removing potential for bias<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Moreover, large criminal investigations are often broken into multiple trials. While this is economical and maximises resources, it&#8217;s inherently risky because evidence can be evaluated differently depending on the court. <\/p>\n<p>This is why the <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pressreader.com\/uk\/the-new-european\/20200521\/282132113640455\">largest and most expensive Mafia trial<\/a> in history, the 1986 Maxiprocesso trial, was heard by only one court and jury. The initial trial <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bmiaa.com\/extraordinary-visions-litalia-ci-guarda-exhibition-at-maxxi-rome\/14_bonaventuraimbriaco_fascicolimaxiprocesso1986-198corleonepalermo2012\/\">involved<\/a> 349 hearings over almost two years. <\/p>\n<p>In hindsight, discussions surrounding evidence in the trial could have been shortened had social network analysis been available at the time.<\/p>\n<p>In any criminal investigation, there&#8217;s also potential for bias from investigating officers. This bias can introduce errors into the evidence pool, which may not be picked up during a trial, and subsequently distort any analysis conducted. <\/p>\n<p><b><a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/technology\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"4\" title=\"Technology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Technology<\/a>: both a problem and a solution<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Of course, social network analysis isn&#8217;t perfect. While it can tell us how an individual interacts with a syndicate, it can&#8217;t guide us as to whether that person should be <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/firstmonday.org\/ojs\/index.php\/fm\/article\/view\/941\">considered separate to the main network<\/a> or not. This remains the judge&#8217;s decision.<\/p>\n<p>There are also limitations to how online networks can be investigated. Often, important data is stored outside police jurisdiction, or requires a search warrant from law enforcement before it can be accessed (<a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/onezero.medium.com\/cops-are-increasingly-requesting-data-from-facebook-and-you-probably-wont-get-notified-if-they-5b7a2297df17#\">such as with Facebook<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>Other times, data that&#8217;s crucial for an investigation may be hosted on an encrypted service <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.whatsapp.com\/security\/\">such as WhatsApp<\/a>, or may be hard to trace if it was uploaded anonymously or under a fake persona.<\/p>\n<p>Still, social network analyses could prove to be an invaluable support tool to help judges and jurors assess the value of evidence. <\/p>\n<p>If both have a detailed and holistic understanding of the case, this will help ensure the right people are convicted\u2014as quickly as possible and with the sentencing deserved.\n                                                                                                                        <\/p>\n<hr\/>\n<div class=\"article-main__explore my-4 d-print-none\">\n<p>                                            Social network analysis provides new insights on strategies to disrupt the Sicilian Mafia\n                                        <\/p><\/div>\n<hr class=\"mb-4\"\/>\n<div class=\"d-inline-block text-medium my-4\">\n                                                Provided by<br \/>\n                                                                                                    The Conversation<br \/>\n                                                                                                        <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"icon_open\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\"><br \/>\n                                                        <svg><use href=\"https:\/\/techx.b-cdn.net\/tmpl\/v2\/img\/svg\/sprite.svg#icon_open\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"article-main__note mt-4\">\n                                                This article is republished from <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/prosecuting-within-complex-criminal-networks-is-hard-data-analysis-could-save-the-courts-precious-time-and-money-150087\">original article<\/a>.<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/150087\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-advanced\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\"\/><\/p>\n<p>                                        <!-- print only --><\/p>\n<div class=\"d-none d-print-block\">\n<p>                                                 <strong>Citation<\/strong>:<br \/>\n                                                 Prosecuting within complex criminal networks is hard. Data analysis could save the courts precious time and money (2020, November 23)<br \/>\n                                                 retrieved 23 November 2020<br \/>\n                                                 from https:\/\/techxplore.com\/<a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/news\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"2\" title=\"News\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">news<\/a>\/2020-11-prosecuting-complex-criminal-networks-hard.html<\/p>\n<p>                                            This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no<br \/>\n                                            part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><script id=\"facebook-jssdk\" async=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/connect.facebook.net\/en_US\/sdk.js\"><\/script><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">If you liked the article, do not forget to share it with your friends. Follow us on\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><a style=\"color: #ff0000;\" href=\"https:\/\/news.google.com\/publications\/CAAqBwgKMLG0nwswvr63Aw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Google News<\/a><\/span>\u00a0too, click on the star and choose us from your favorites.<\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">For forums sites go to <span style=\"color: #ff9900;\"><a style=\"color: #ff9900;\" href=\"https:\/\/forum.buradabiliyorum.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Forum.BuradaBiliyorum.Com<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>If you want to read more Like this articles, you can visit our <span style=\"color: #ff9900;\"><a style=\"color: #ff9900;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.buradabiliyorum.com\/science\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Science category.<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"color: black;\"><a style=\"color: #ff9900;\" href=\"https:\/\/techxplore.com\/news\/2020-11-prosecuting-complex-criminal-networks-hard.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Source<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#8220;#Prosecuting within complex criminal networks is hard. Data analysis could save the courts precious time and money&#8221; Credit: Shutterstock It&#8217;s no secret the trail of data we leave online can reveal intimate details about our lives. And there are myriad people whose job it is to collect and sift through this, often with a goal&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":118316,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/scx2.b-cdn.net\/gfx\/news\/hires\/2020\/prosecutingw.jpg","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-118315","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sciencee"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/118315","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=118315"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/118315\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/118316"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=118315"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=118315"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=118315"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}