{"id":135598,"date":"2020-12-17T09:40:00","date_gmt":"2020-12-17T06:40:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/en.buradabiliyorum.com\/what-is-a-gpu-graphics-processing-units-explained\/"},"modified":"2020-12-17T09:40:00","modified_gmt":"2020-12-17T06:40:00","slug":"what-is-a-gpu-graphics-processing-units-explained","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/what-is-a-gpu-graphics-processing-units-explained\/","title":{"rendered":"#What Is a GPU? Graphics Processing Units Explained"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a36ebbd8a490\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #dd3333;color:#dd3333\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #dd3333;color:#dd3333\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a36ebbd8a490\" checked aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/what-is-a-gpu-graphics-processing-units-explained\/#What_the_GPU_Does\" >What the GPU Does<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/what-is-a-gpu-graphics-processing-units-explained\/#The_Different_Types_of_GPUs\" >The Different Types of GPUs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/what-is-a-gpu-graphics-processing-units-explained\/#What_a_GPU_Does\" >What a GPU Does<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/what-is-a-gpu-graphics-processing-units-explained\/#Which_GPU_Do_You_Need\" >Which GPU Do You Need?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p><strong>&#8220;#What Is a GPU? Graphics Processing Units Explained&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n<div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_703744\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-703744 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.howtogeek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/xinside-of-pc.jpg.pagespeed.gp+jp+jw+pj+ws+js+rj+rp+rw+ri+cp+md.ic.0pnFNlWsCv.jpg\" alt=\"The inside of a desktop PC with RGB lighting.\" width=\"650\" height=\"300\" data-crediturl=\"https:\/\/www.shutterstock.com\/image-photo\/close-inside-high-performance-desktop-pc-1683050857\" data-credittext=\" FeelGoodLuck\/Shutterstock\" onload=\"pagespeed.lazyLoadImages.loadIfVisibleAndMaybeBeacon(this);\" onerror=\"this.onerror=null;pagespeed.lazyLoadImages.loadIfVisibleAndMaybeBeacon(this);\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span class=\"imagecredit\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.shutterstock.com\/image-photo\/close-inside-high-performance-desktop-pc-1683050857\"> FeelGoodLuck\/Shutterstock<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Computer graphics are an essential part of any modern computer system, even lightweight laptops. \u201cGPU\u201d stands for graphics processing unit, and it\u2019s the part of the PC responsible for the on-screen images you see.<\/p>\n<h2 role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_the_GPU_Does\"><\/span>What the GPU Does<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>If you only use your computer for the basics\u2014to browse the web, or use office software and desktop <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/download-scripts-themes-apps\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"9\" title=\"Download Scripts &amp; Themes &amp; Apps\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">app<\/a>lications\u2014there\u2019s not much more you need to know about the GPU. It\u2019s the part of the PC that\u2019s responsible for what you see on your monitor, and that\u2019s it.<\/p>\n<p>However, for <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/game\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"7\" title=\"Game\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">game<\/a>rs or anyone who does work that can be GPU-accelerated, like 3D rendering, video encoding, and so on, the GPU does much more work. Those folks need to get a lot more out of their GPU, so let\u2019s dive in further.<\/p>\n<h2 role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Different_Types_of_GPUs\"><\/span>The Different Types of GPUs<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>There are two primary kinds of GPUs you can get for a modern PC: integrated and discrete. The latter has nothing to do with avoiding attention. Discrete in this sense means it\u2019s separate or distinct.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_424680\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-424680 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.howtogeek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/xRadeonRX5700XT.png.pagespeed.gp+jp+jw+pj+ws+js+rj+rp+rw+ri+cp+md.ic.NQNam9Qvt_.png\" alt=\"An AMD Radeon graphics card.\" width=\"650\" height=\"311\" data-credittext=\"AMD\" onload=\"pagespeed.lazyLoadImages.loadIfVisibleAndMaybeBeacon(this);\" onerror=\"this.onerror=null;pagespeed.lazyLoadImages.loadIfVisibleAndMaybeBeacon(this);\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A discrete AMD Radeon GPU. <span class=\"imagecredit\">AMD<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Graphics cards are typically big, bulky drop-in components for desktop PCs that have one, two, or sometimes, three fans. These cards contain the actual graphics processor chip, as well as RAM to handle higher graphics loads, like video games. Fans keep the components cool.<\/p>\n<p>Desktop graphics cards are some of the easiest components to upgrade. You just drop the card into a PCIe x16 slot, connect a cable to the power supply (if required), and then install the drivers.<\/p>\n<p>Laptops can also have discrete GPUs. Instead of a bulky card, though, a discreet laptop GPU is just a chip soldered on the motherboard. Unlike those on a desktop, these aren\u2019t as easy to upgrade.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_675703\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-675703 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.howtogeek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/xintel-core-i7-cpu.jpg.pagespeed.gp+jp+jw+pj+ws+js+rj+rp+rw+ri+cp+md.ic.EYtS-fv87q.jpg\" alt=\"A Core i7 processor sitting in a motherboard socket.\" width=\"650\" height=\"300\" data-crediturl=\"https:\/\/www.shutterstock.com\/image-photo\/kobe-hyogo-japan-october-26-2019-1575478906\" data-credittext=\"yishii\/Shutterstock\" onload=\"pagespeed.lazyLoadImages.loadIfVisibleAndMaybeBeacon(this);\" onerror=\"this.onerror=null;pagespeed.lazyLoadImages.loadIfVisibleAndMaybeBeacon(this);\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Core i7-8700 CPU includes Intel\u2019s UHD 630 graphics. <span class=\"imagecredit\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.shutterstock.com\/image-photo\/kobe-hyogo-japan-october-26-2019-1575478906\">yishii\/Shutterstock<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Then, there are integrated graphics, which are built right into the processor. Not all CPUs have this. AMD\u2019s desktop Ryzen CPUs, for example, are famous for lacking any integrated graphics at all.<\/p>\n<p>Intel\u2019s desktop Core chips with model numbers that end in an \u201cF\u201d also lack graphics, as do the Core X-<a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/watch-movies-tv-seriess\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"8\" title=\"Watch Movies &amp; TV Series\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Series<\/a> CPUs with model numbers that end with an \u201cX.\u201d Because these processors don\u2019t have a GPU, they\u2019re sold at a lower price.<\/p>\n<p>A processor without graphics is only a concern for desktops. Again, laptops are sold as a package deal, so they require either a discrete GPU or integrated graphics built into the processor.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\ud83c\udfae Intel Iris Xe Graphics G7 - The Witcher 3 gameplay benchmarks (1080p)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/NHPOdyoED1s?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Modern processors with integrated graphics can be surprisingly powerful. Some are capable of running select older AAA titles at playable frame rates when the graphics settings are lowered.<\/p>\n<p>They are a cost-effective choice for those who can\u2019t yet afford the graphics card of their dreams. Anyone who wants to do some serious gaming, however, will need a separate GPU.<\/p>\n<h2 role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_a_GPU_Does\"><\/span>What a GPU Does<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_687229\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-687229 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.howtogeek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/xMiddleEarthShadowOfWarSmall.png.pagespeed.gp+jp+jw+pj+ws+js+rj+rp+rw+ri+cp+md.ic.AMj-0giJ9C.jpg\" alt=\"A fantasy backdrop with a knight holding magical weapons in the foreground pointing towards a wooden fortress wall.\" width=\"650\" height=\"300\" data-credittext=\"WB Games\" onload=\"pagespeed.lazyLoadImages.loadIfVisibleAndMaybeBeacon(this);\" onerror=\"this.onerror=null;pagespeed.lazyLoadImages.loadIfVisibleAndMaybeBeacon(this);\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Middle-earth: Shadow of War<\/em> <span class=\"imagecredit\">WB Games<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The easiest way to understand what a GPU does is to talk about video games. In a game, we might see a computer-generated image of a person, a landscape, or an intricately detailed model of a 3D object. Whatever it is we\u2019re seeing, it\u2019s all thanks to the graphics processing unit.<\/p>\n<p>Video games are complex undertakings that require a lot of mathematical calculations happening in parallel to display images on-screen. A GPU is purpose-built to process graphics information including an image\u2019s geometry, color, shading, and textures. Its RAM is also specialized to hold a large amount of information coming into the GPU and video data, known as the framebuffer, that\u2019s headed to your screen.<\/p>\n<p>The GPU gets all the instructions for drawing images on-screen from the CPU, and then it executes them. This process of going from instructions to the finished image is called the rendering or graphics pipeline.<\/p>\n<p>The basic unit to start creating 3D graphics is the polygon. More specifically, triangles. Nearly everything you see in a typical video game starts as a massive collection of triangles. There can be other shapes used, as well, but the vast majority are triangles.<\/p>\n<p>These basic shapes, in addition to other lines and points, are known as \u201cprimitives.\u201d They\u2019re built up to make recognizable objects, like a table, tree, or wizard holding a staff. The more polygons you use for an object, the more detailed your finished images can become.<\/p>\n<p>Each object has its own set of coordinates to be set in a scene. If a human were drawing a picture of a dining room, for example, we\u2019d use our own judgment as to where the table and chairs should be, or how close these objects should be to the wall.<\/p>\n<p>A computer can\u2019t make these judgment calls and requires coordinates for placement. That\u2019s one reason why, sometimes, things will go very wrong in video games, and you\u2019ll suddenly see an object in midair.<\/p>\n<p>Once the scene is set, the GPU starts figuring out perspective based on where the \u201ccamera\u201d is looking at the scene. A battle on a street, for example, is going to look very different if your character is standing on top of a parked bus looking out at the chaos versus stealing furtive glances while crouched behind an overturned taxi. Again, there\u2019s a lot of math going on to figure out viewing angles.<\/p>\n<p>After a little more refinement, the images get the textures, shadows, color, and shading that makes it all come to life.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Game Graphics Pipeline Explained by Tom Petersen of nVidia\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/4gyP94hsC14?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>All of this graphics processing is happening at lightning-fast speeds, requiring heavy calculations, which is why a separate processing unit is needed in the first place.<\/p>\n<p>The GPU is built specifically for graphics processing, which requires a lot of math calculations that happen in parallel. That heavier focus on calculation and parallel operations is why early Bitcoin advocates turned to rigs filled with GPUs to generate the math required to mine cryptocurrency coins. CPUs, meanwhile, aren\u2019t as specialized and are more <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/general\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"3\" title=\"General\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">general<\/a> purpose.<\/p>\n<p>You could, technically, rely on a CPU for the graphics, but it wouldn\u2019t be efficient and the end result would never be as visually impressive. The CPU simply doesn\u2019t have the resources for most games. It\u2019s already running your operating system, other programs and background processes. It\u2019s also helping to run the game with physics calculations, AI operations, and other tasks.<\/p>\n<h2 role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Which_GPU_Do_You_Need\"><\/span>Which GPU Do You Need?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_702772\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-702772 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.howtogeek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/xAlienware-m15.png.pagespeed.gp+jp+jw+pj+ws+js+rj+rp+rw+ri+cp+md.ic.-xBkIx6_Wk.jpg\" alt=\"The Alienware m15 gaming laptop with a Halo image displayed on screen.\" width=\"650\" height=\"300\" data-credittext=\"Alienware\" onload=\"pagespeed.lazyLoadImages.loadIfVisibleAndMaybeBeacon(this);\" onerror=\"this.onerror=null;pagespeed.lazyLoadImages.loadIfVisibleAndMaybeBeacon(this);\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span class=\"imagecredit\">Alienware<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Now you know the basics of what a GPU does and the different kinds that are out there. So, how do you know which one you need? If you\u2019re playing games on a desktop, you need a graphics card, and there\u2019s a whole world of reviews out there to help you choose the best one.<\/p>\n<p>Generally, be sure to get a graphics card that\u2019s appropriate for your monitor\u2019s resolution, such as 1080p, 1440p, or 4K. Video game features are constantly advancing and requiring new hardware. This means graphics cards tend to become obsolete faster than other components. Desktop owners should purchase something released in the last two to three years.<\/p>\n<p>For gaming on a laptop, be very, very careful. Many gaming laptops have discrete GPUs that are up to two generations old and cost just as much (or nearly as much) as a laptop with a newer GPU.<\/p>\n<p>If you\u2019re focused on enthusiast video editing, a powerful CPU is more important, but a discrete graphics card (even one that\u2019s a few generations old) is also needed.<\/p>\n<p>For everyone else, integrated graphics will do. There\u2019s no need to get a graphics card for video streaming, basic web games, or even basic photo editing. Just make sure your CPU actually has an integrated GPU. Otherwise, you might be in for a frustrating surprise when you try to boot up that new desktop build.<\/p>\n<hr\/>\n<p>If you\u2019re curious, you can check which GPU you have in your Windows 10 PC.<\/p>\n<p><strong>RELATED:<\/strong> <strong><em>How to Check What Graphics Card (GPU) Is in Your PC<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><script>\n setTimeout(function(){\n  !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s)\n  {if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod?\n  n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};\n  if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';\n  n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0;\n  t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];\n  s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s) } (window, document,'script',\n  'https:\/\/connect.facebook.net\/en_US\/fbevents.js');\n   fbq('init', '335401813750447');\n   fbq('track', 'PageView');\n  },3000);\n<\/script><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">If you liked the article, do not forget to share it with your friends. Follow us on\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><a style=\"color: #ff0000;\" href=\"https:\/\/news.google.com\/publications\/CAAqBwgKMLG0nwswvr63Aw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Google News<\/a><\/span>\u00a0too, click on the star and choose us from your favorites.<\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">For forums sites go to <span style=\"color: #ff9900;\"><a style=\"color: #ff9900;\" href=\"https:\/\/forum.buradabiliyorum.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forum.BuradaBiliyorum.Com<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>If you want to read more like this article, you can visit our <span style=\"color: #ff9900;\"><a style=\"color: #ff9900;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.buradabiliyorum.com\/technology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Technology category.<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"color: black;\"><a style=\"color: #ff9900;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.howtogeek.com\/702766\/what-is-a-gpu-graphics-processing-units-explained\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Source<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#8220;#What Is a GPU? Graphics Processing Units Explained&#8221; FeelGoodLuck\/Shutterstock Computer graphics are an essential part of any modern computer system, even lightweight laptops. \u201cGPU\u201d stands for graphics processing unit, and it\u2019s the part of the PC responsible for the on-screen images you see. What the GPU Does If you only use your computer for the&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":135599,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/www.howtogeek.com\/thumbcache\/2\/200\/44adfb7938a763b8b0765e3d21c2621d\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/inside-of-pc.jpg","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-135598","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-technology"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/135598","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=135598"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/135598\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/135599"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=135598"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=135598"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=135598"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}