{"id":148564,"date":"2021-01-06T19:00:01","date_gmt":"2021-01-06T16:00:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/en.buradabiliyorum.com\/heres-why-the-universe-has-more-matter-than-antimatter\/"},"modified":"2021-01-06T19:00:01","modified_gmt":"2021-01-06T16:00:01","slug":"heres-why-the-universe-has-more-matter-than-antimatter","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/heres-why-the-universe-has-more-matter-than-antimatter\/","title":{"rendered":"#Here\u2019s why the universe has more matter than antimatter"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a3882c66a885\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #dd3333;color:#dd3333\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #dd3333;color:#dd3333\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a3882c66a885\" checked aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/heres-why-the-universe-has-more-matter-than-antimatter\/#Known_asymmetry\" >Known asymmetry<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/heres-why-the-universe-has-more-matter-than-antimatter\/#New_physics\" >New physics?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p>&#8220;<strong>#Here\u2019s why the universe has more matter than antimatter<\/strong>&#8221;<\/p>\n<div>\n                            It\u2019s one of the greatest puzzles in physics. All the particles that make up the matter around us, such electrons and protons, have <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/explainer-what-is-antimatter-53414\">antimatter versions<\/a> which are nearly identical, but with mirrored properties such as the opposite electric charge. When an antimatter and a matter particle meet, they annihilate in a flash of energy.<\/p>\n<p>If antimatter and matter are truly identical but mirrored copies of each other, they should have been produced in equal amounts in the Big Bang. The problem is that would have made it all annihilate. But today, there\u2019s nearly no antimatter left in the universe \u2013 it <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/download-scripts-themes-apps\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"9\" title=\"Download Scripts &amp; Themes &amp; Apps\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">app<\/a>ears only in some radioactive decays and in a small fraction of cosmic rays. So what happened to it? Using the <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/home.cern\/news\/news\/physics\/lhcb-sees-new-form-matter-antimatter-asymmetry-strange-beauty-particles\">LHCb experiment<\/a> at CERN to study the difference between matter and antimatter, we have <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2012.05319\">discovered a new way<\/a> that this difference can appear.<\/p>\n<p>The existence of antimatter was predicted by physicist <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/prizes\/physics\/1933\/dirac\/biographical\/\">Paul Dirac<\/a>\u2019s equation describing the motion of electrons in 1928. At first, it was not clear if this was just a mathematical quirk or a description of a real particle. But in 1932 Carl Anderson <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/timeline.web.cern.ch\/carl-anderson-discovers-positron\">discovered<\/a> an antimatter partner to the electron \u2013 the positron \u2013 while studying cosmic rays that rain down on Earth from space. Over the next few decades, physicists found that all matter particles have antimatter partners.<\/p>\n<p><em>[Read:\u00a0<span dir=\"auto\">Meet the 4 scale-ups using data to save the planet<\/span>]<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Scientists believe that in the very hot and dense state shortly after the Big Bang, there must have been processes that gave preference to matter over antimatter. This created a small surplus of matter, and as the universe cooled, all the antimatter was destroyed, or annihilated, by an equal amount of matter, leaving a tiny surplus of matter. And it is this surplus that makes up everything we see in the universe today.<\/p>\n<p>Exactly what processes caused the surplus is unclear, and physicists have been on the lookout for decades.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Known_asymmetry\"><\/span>Known asymmetry<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The behavior of quarks, which are the fundamental building blocks of matter along with leptons, can shed light on the difference between matter and antimatter. Quarks <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/Particles\/quark.html\">come in many different kinds<\/a>, or \u201cflavors,\u201d known as up, down, charm, strange, bottom, and top plus six corresponding anti-quarks.<\/p>\n<p>The up and down quarks are what make up the protons and neutrons in the nuclei of ordinary matter, and the other quarks can be produced by high-energy processes \u2013 for instance by colliding particles in accelerators such as the Large Hadron Collider at CERN.<\/p>\n<p>Particles consisting of a quark and an anti-quark are called mesons, and there are four neutral mesons (B<sup>0<\/sup><sub>S<\/sub>, B<sup>0<\/sup>, D<sup>0,<\/sup> and K<sup>0<\/sup>) that exhibit a fascinating behavior. They can spontaneously turn into their antiparticle partner and then back again, a phenomenon that was observed for the first time in 1960. Since they are unstable, they will \u201cdecay\u201d \u2013 fall apart \u2013 into other more stable particles at some point during their oscillation. This decay <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/cern-study-sheds-light-on-one-of-physics-biggest-mysteries-why-theres-more-matter-than-antimatter-113947\">happens slightly differently for mesons compared with anti-mesons<\/a>, which combined with the oscillation means that the rate of the decay varies over time.<\/p>\n<p>The rules for the oscillations and decays are given by a theoretical framework called the <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/prizes\/physics\/2008\/summary\/\">Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) mechanism<\/a>. It predicts that there is a difference in the behavior of matter and antimatter, but one that is too small to generate the surplus of matter in the early universe required to explain the abundance we see today.<\/p>\n<p>This indicates that there is something we don\u2019t understand and that studying this topic may challenge some of our most fundamental theories in physics.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"New_physics\"><\/span>New physics?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Our recent result from the LHCb experiment is a study of neutral B<sup>0<\/sup><sub>S<\/sub> mesons, looking at their decays into pairs of charged K mesons. The B<sup>0<\/sup><sub>S<\/sub> mesons were created by colliding protons with other protons in the Large Hadron Collider where they oscillated into their anti-meson and back three trillion times per second. The collisions also created anti-B<sup>0<\/sup><sub>S<\/sub> mesons that oscillate in the same way, giving us samples of mesons and anti-mesons that could be compared.<\/p>\n<p>We counted the number of decays from the two samples and compared the two numbers, to see how this difference varied as the oscillation progressed. There was a slight difference \u2013 with more decays happening for one of the B<sup>0<\/sup><sub>S<\/sub> mesons. And for the first time for B<sup>0<\/sup><sub>S<\/sub> mesons, we observed that the difference in decay, or asymmetry, varied according to the oscillation between the B<sup>0<\/sup><sub>S<\/sub> meson and the anti-meson.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center \">\n<figure class=\"post-image post-mediaBleed aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\" lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/264993\/original\/file-20190320-93063-r7pdv4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" data-lazy=\"true\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/264993\/original\/file-20190320-93063-r7pdv4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/264993\/original\/file-20190320-93063-r7pdv4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/264993\/original\/file-20190320-93063-r7pdv4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/264993\/original\/file-20190320-93063-r7pdv4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/264993\/original\/file-20190320-93063-r7pdv4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/264993\/original\/file-20190320-93063-r7pdv4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\"\/><figcaption><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/syndication\/2021\/01\/06\/heres-why-the-universe-has-more-matter-than-antimatter\/#\" data-url=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fthenextweb.com%2Fsyndication%2F2021%2F01%2F06%2Fheres-why-the-universe-has-more-matter-than-antimatter%2F&amp;via=thenextweb&amp;related=thenextweb&amp;text=Check out this picture on: LHCb. Maximilien Brice et al.\/CERN\" data-title=\"Share LHCb. Maximilien Brice et al.\/CERN on Twitter\" data-width=\"685\" data-height=\"500\" class=\"post-image-share popitup\" title=\"Share LHCb. Maximilien Brice et al.\/CERN on Twitter\"><i class=\"icon icon--inline icon--twitter--dark\"\/><\/a>LHCb. Maximilien Brice et al.\/CERN<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<\/figure>\n<p>In addition to being a milestone in the study of matter-antimatter differences, we were also able to measure the size of the asymmetries. This can be translated into measurements of several parameters of the underlying theory. Comparing the results with other measurements provides a consistency check, to see if the currently accepted theory is a correct description of nature. Since the small preference of matter over antimatter that we observe on the microscopic scale cannot explain the overwhelming abundance of matter that we observe in the universe, it is likely that our current understanding is an approximation of a more fundamental theory.<\/p>\n<p>Investigating this mechanism that we know can generate matter-antimatter asymmetries, probing it from different angles, may tell us where the problem lies. Studying the world on the smallest scale is our best chance to be able to understand what we see on the largest scale.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\" lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/147226\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" data-lazy=\"true\"\/><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><em>This article by\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/lars-eklund-1163578\">Lars Eklund<\/a>, Professor of Particle Physics, <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-glasgow-1269\">University of Glasgow<\/a> is republished from <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/cern-discovery-sheds-light-on-the-great-mystery-of-why-the-universe-has-less-antimatter-than-matter-147226\">original article<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"post-article-read-next\">\n    <b>Read next:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>        UK government to put &#8216;trust in teachers not algorithms&#8217; on exam results after last year&#8217;s debacle    <\/p><\/div>\n<p><script async src=\"\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">If you liked the article, do not forget to share it with your friends. 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All the particles that make up the matter around us, such electrons and protons, have antimatter versions which are nearly identical, but with mirrored properties such as the opposite electric charge. When an antimatter and a matter particle&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":148565,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/img-cdn.tnwcdn.com\/image\/tnw?filter_last=1&fit=1280,640&url=https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2021\/01\/Untitled-1-copy.jpg&signature=15cdfdd62a5b4463d95a41859ee47d8e","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[88677,72518,88678,70752,88679,67821],"class_list":["post-148564","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-technology","tag-antimatter","tag-big-bang","tag-cern","tag-energy","tag-particle-physics","tag-world"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/148564","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=148564"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/148564\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/148565"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=148564"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=148564"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=148564"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}