{"id":159992,"date":"2021-01-21T23:55:00","date_gmt":"2021-01-21T20:55:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/en.buradabiliyorum.com\/market-extra-how-bidens-infrastructure-plan-could-rescue-rural-america\/"},"modified":"2021-01-21T23:55:00","modified_gmt":"2021-01-21T20:55:00","slug":"market-extra-how-bidens-infrastructure-plan-could-rescue-rural-america","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/market-extra-how-bidens-infrastructure-plan-could-rescue-rural-america\/","title":{"rendered":"#Market Extra: How Biden\u2019s infrastructure plan could rescue rural America"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a4e7df99eb3d\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #dd3333;color:#dd3333\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #dd3333;color:#dd3333\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a4e7df99eb3d\" checked aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/market-extra-how-bidens-infrastructure-plan-could-rescue-rural-america\/#Roughly_115_billion_price_tag_a_few_ways_to_pay\" >Roughly $115 billion price tag, a few ways to pay<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-6' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-6'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-6' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-6'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-6' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-6'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-6' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-6'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/market-extra-how-bidens-infrastructure-plan-could-rescue-rural-america\/#Service_and_speed\" >Service and speed<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-6'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/market-extra-how-bidens-infrastructure-plan-could-rescue-rural-america\/#Breaking_down_115_billion\" >Breaking down $115 billion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-6'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/market-extra-how-bidens-infrastructure-plan-could-rescue-rural-america\/#Big_Tech_and_towns\" >Big Tech and towns<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/market-extra-how-bidens-infrastructure-plan-could-rescue-rural-america\/#Joy_Wiltermuth\" >Joy Wiltermuth<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p>&#8220;<strong>#Market Extra: How Biden\u2019s infrastructure plan could rescue rural America<\/strong>&#8221;<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"article__subhead\" itemprop=\"alternativeHeadline\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Roughly_115_billion_price_tag_a_few_ways_to_pay\"><\/span>\n  Roughly $115 billion price tag, a few ways to pay<br \/>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<div class=\"column column--full article__content\">\n<div id=\"js-article__body\" class=\"article__body article-wrap at16-col16 barrons-article-wrap\" itemprop=\"articleBody\" data-sbid=\"WP-MKTW-0000134126\">\n<div class=\"barrons-article-ad-wrapper\">\n<div data-track=\"barrons-article-ad-wrap\" class=\"barrons-article-ad sticky_item\">\n<div class=\"barrons-main-article-ad-target sticky_target body_ad\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>       It is tempting to imagine throngs of urban dwellers fleeing high-price cities to take up work remote in bucolic corners of America due to the coronavirus pandemic and the widespread availability of broadband internet. <\/p>\n<p> But for swaths of rural America, the digital divide still means it is tough to work from home, dial up a doctor for a video <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/download-scripts-themes-apps\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"9\" title=\"Download Scripts &amp; Themes &amp; Apps\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">app<\/a>ointment, or for children to learn remotely.<\/p>\n<div class=\"paywall\">\n       In rural America the pandemic has made connectivity issues worse, despite <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/the-avenue\/2017\/02\/13\/in-infrastructure-plan-a-big-opening-for-rural-broadband\/\" class=\"icon none\">decades of trying<\/a> and tens of billions in federal subsidies aimed at broadly deploying broadband across rural communities, where poverty, and disappearing businesses and family farms have become the norm, forcing the young to leave town for brighter horizons.<\/p>\n<p>It isn\u2019t that the internet doesn\u2019t exist in remote outposts, where families often live many miles apart, but that the costs of connecting, supplying and maintaining adequate high-speed broadband service have been outrun by increasingly digital lives.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhat we\u2019ve learned in the pandemic is that speeds we thought were sufficient, are nowhere near sufficient,\u201d said Shirley Bloomfield, chief executive officer of the NTCA \u2013 the <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ntca.org\/ruraliscool\/newsroom\" class=\"icon none\">Rural Broadband Association<\/a>, an industry group of small-town and community-based telecoms. <\/p>\n<p>\u201cInstead of a burst of demand during the week from six to nine at night, we now see a steady stream of demand all day long,\u201d she told MarketWatch.<\/p>\n<p>The pandemic exposed how crucial broadband has become for big cities and U.S. economic growth, but also small towns, where reliable and affordable internet<a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/techtank\/2020\/03\/17\/what-the-coronavirus-reveals-about-the-digital-divide-between-schools-and-communities\/\" class=\"icon none\"> <\/a>can mean the difference between <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/techtank\/2020\/03\/17\/what-the-coronavirus-reveals-about-the-digital-divide-between-schools-and-communities\/\" class=\"icon none\">access to an education<\/a> and health care or not, particularly when the nearest doctor easily could be a 60-mile drive away.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Read<\/strong>:  Telemedicine provides a lifeline during the pandemic \u2014 for wealthier Americans <\/p>\n<h6><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Service_and_speed\"><\/span>Service and speed<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h6>\n<p>The U.S. has been working to achieve \u201cuniversal\u201d broadband for all Americans, like the postal service, in the decades since it was <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/techtank\/2016\/02\/08\/was-the-1996-telecommunications-act-successful-in-promoting-competition\/\" class=\"icon none\">set out by the <\/a>Telecommunications Act of 1996. <\/p>\n<p>Yet, a new report <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/broadbandnow.com\/research\/fcc-underestimates-unserved-by-50-percent\" class=\"icon none\">estimates that 42 million Americans<\/a> still lack access to broadband internet, according to research firm and connectivity tracker BroadbandNow. That is about double the most recent tally from the Federal Communications Commission, the main regulator of America\u2019s airwaves. <\/p>\n<div id=\"cx-membership-tile\"><\/div>\n<p>BroadbandNow points to flaws in the FCC\u2019s approach to counting internet connections that result in a sizable overcount per each census block. Specifically, if one household in a census block has a connection, the FCC considers the entire neighborhood covered, a method that doesn\u2019t reflect the actual dearth of service. <\/p>\n<p>Tyler Cooper, BroadbandNow\u2019s editor in chief, also thinks the FCC\u2019s existing minimum broadband standards have become outdated. Right now, the FCC requires broadband customers to be supplied with a download speed of at least 25 megabits per second and 3 mbps for uploads, thresholds it set in 2015. Cooper wants to see the standard being at least 100 mbps for downloads and 50 to 100 mbps for uploads. <\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe upload number is pretty important, because that determines if you can do <strong>Zoom<\/strong><br \/>\n        ZM,<br \/>\n        <bg-quote field=\"percentchange\" format=\"0,000.00%\" channel=\"\/zigman2\/quotes\/211319643\/composite\" class=\"negative\">-0.02%<\/bg-quote><br \/>\n       calls or other two-way communication,\u201d Cooper told MarketWatch, adding that while 25 mbps allows for basic internet browsing, most work-centric applications have become \u201ca lot more demanding of resources.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Can the digital divide be fixed? The NTCA\u2019s Bloomfield has become more hopeful, based on meetings with President Biden\u2019s transition team, that the new administration finally can make a difference on rural broadband in ways that help prevent small towns from sliding further backward. <\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt isn\u2019t a red or blue state issue,\u201d Bloomfield said, noting that Congress already funds rural broadband projects, including recently with <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ntca.org\/ruraliscool\/newsroom\/press-releases\/2021\/19\/ntca-applauds-congressional-effort-urge-transparency\" class=\"icon none\">a focus on vetting providers,<\/a> but also through a new mapping initiative to better pinpoint existing services, speeds and potholes, through funding from last year\u2019s coronavirus aid packages. <\/p>\n<p>\u201cEvery senator has a rural part of their state,\u201d she added.<\/p>\n<h6><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Breaking_down_115_billion\"><\/span>Breaking down $115 billion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h6>\n<p>Biden\u2019s election campaign said it wanted to provide $20 billion to expand rural broadband. More details of his infrastructure plans are expected to emerge in his first 100 days, following his $1.9 trillion \u201cfirst step\u201d spending proposal to help offset the economic carnage of the pandemic.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Read<\/strong>: Biden\u2019s \u2018rescue America\u2019 plan is big. How its trillions could help both Wall Street and Main Street <\/p>\n<p>Jeff Johnston, CoBank\u2019s lead communications economist, estimates that  out of $115 billion that likely will be needed to bridge the U.S. digital divide there still is about an $80 billion funding gap, even after considering the <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fcc.gov\/auction\/904\" class=\"icon none\">tens of billion already earmarked<\/a> for various broadband funding programs.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThat is obviously a big number,\u201d he said, comparing the funding shortfall with the near $30 billion that major telecoms allocate to wireless capital expenditures each year.<\/p>\n<p>But in terms of recent government stimulus, it pales in comparison, including the Federal Reserve\u2019s $120 billion monthly bond-buying program of U.S. Treasurys<br \/>\n        TMUBMUSD10Y,<br \/>\n        <bg-quote field=\"percentchange\" format=\"0,000.000%\" channel=\"\" class=\"\">1.103%<\/bg-quote><br \/>\n      and government-backed mortgage bonds, which was kicked off last spring to keep credit flowing, and has no slowdown in sight.   <\/p>\n<p>Even so, Johnston sees at least two ways to tackle the broadband funding shortfall: either by pushing through a new infrastructure spending package or by expanding the FCC\u2019s current <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fcc.gov\/general\/universal-service-fund\" class=\"icon none\">pot of fees collected<\/a> from landline providers, where the pool of customers is shrinking, to include broadband providers.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cLook, it is by no means a slam dunk,\u201d Johnston said, adding that charging new fees would probably face resistance from <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/technology\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"4\" title=\"Technology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">technology<\/a> giants like <strong>Comcast Corp<\/strong><br \/>\n        CMCSA,<br \/>\n        <bg-quote field=\"percentchange\" format=\"0,000.00%\" channel=\"\/zigman2\/quotes\/209472081\/composite\" class=\"positive\">+0.76%<\/bg-quote><span>,<\/span><br \/>\n       <strong>Google<\/strong> parent Alphabet Inc.<br \/>\n        GOOGL,<br \/>\n        <bg-quote field=\"percentchange\" format=\"0,000.00%\" channel=\"\/zigman2\/quotes\/202490156\/composite\" class=\"positive\">+0.04%<\/bg-quote><span>,<\/span><br \/>\n      <strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/social-mediaa\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"1\" title=\"Social Media\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Facebook<\/a> Inc<\/strong>.<br \/>\n        FB,<br \/>\n        <bg-quote field=\"percentchange\" format=\"0,000.00%\" channel=\"\/zigman2\/quotes\/205064656\/composite\" class=\"positive\">+2.09%<\/bg-quote><br \/>\n       and <strong>Charter Communications Inc<\/strong>.<br \/>\n        CHTR,<br \/>\n        <bg-quote field=\"percentchange\" format=\"0,000.00%\" channel=\"\/zigman2\/quotes\/201656355\/composite\" class=\"positive\">+1.18%<\/bg-quote><span>.<\/span><br \/>\n       \u201cBut we think that\u2019s something that should be revisited.\u201d<\/p>\n<h6><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Big_Tech_and_towns\"><\/span>Big Tech and towns<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h6>\n<p>As Washington gets ready to wrangle over how it taxes and spends in the new Biden era, Cooper at BroadbandNow sees positive developments already happening at the local level and among highflying technology companies that could ease a path to quicker, universal broadband.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThere are entirely new forms of connectivity that are at the precipice of becoming realistic at scale,\u201d Cooper said, pointing to several low-Earth orbit satellite programs in development, including Elon Musk\u2019s<a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.starlink.com\/\" class=\"icon none\"> Starlink program<\/a>, a part of SpaceX, which is beta-testing domestic and international broadband service. Amazon<br \/>\n        AMZN,<br \/>\n        <bg-quote field=\"percentchange\" format=\"0,000.00%\" channel=\"\/zigman2\/quotes\/210331248\/composite\" class=\"positive\">+1.28%<\/bg-quote><br \/>\n       owner Jeff Bezos also has been developing a <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aboutamazon.com\/news\/innovation-at-amazon\/amazon-marks-breakthrough-in-project-kuiper-development\" class=\"icon none\">competing program called Project Kuiper<\/a>, as well as the <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oneweb.world\/media-center\/oneweb-deepens-its-commitment-to-the-uk-which-will-create-more-than-150-new-jobs-in-its-london-headquarters\" class=\"icon none\">U.K.-based OneWeb<\/a> telecom. <\/p>\n<p>The upshot would be that satellite service could bypass the need for providers to lay down and maintain expensive terrestrial programs. Although, in terms of building up local communities, it is hard to ignore the progress made in cities like <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/Electric%20Power%20Board%20of%20Chattanooga,%20a%20municipally-owned%20utility\" class=\"icon none\">Chattanooga, Tenn<\/a>, which took off as a technology hub, after the city built its own broadband company. <\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe kicker here, why they are not super commonplace, is that, unfortunately, there are 22 states that roadblock or outlaw these sorts of initiatives at the state level,\u201d said Cooper. <\/p>\n<p>Mark Santero, chief executive officer at <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.homesteadfunds.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Performance_Summary.pdf\" class=\"icon none\">Homestead Funds<\/a>, which manages assets for the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association, sees a slow recovery for rural towns from the pandemic, particularly since they rely heavily on hard-hit small businesses, which he expects to take at least two or three years to stage a comeback.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cAnd that\u2019s going to depend on stimulus spending, with state and local governments getting support to rebuild services,\u201d Santero said, adding that building out high-speed internet should be at the forefront.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cBroadband is tied to the lifeline of rural economies,\u201d he said, noting that sees potential for a movement back to rural economies, away from big cities, if the infrastructure exists to set up shop.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cMy views come from sitting at an association where this is all we talk about,\u201d he said. \u201cIt\u2019s going to be a trend, not an overnight sensation.\u201d <\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<p><\/p>\n<div class=\"byline article__byline\">\n<p>      <span>By<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"author  hasMenu\" data-scrim='{\"type\":\"author\",\"header\":\"Joy Wiltermuth\",\"subhead\":\"The Wall Street Journal\",\"list\":[]}' itemscope itemprop=\"author\" itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/Person\">\n<h4 itemprop=\"name\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Joy_Wiltermuth\"><\/span>Joy Wiltermuth<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<blockquote><p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">If you liked the article, do not forget to share it with your friends. Follow us on\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><a style=\"color: #ff0000;\" href=\"https:\/\/news.google.com\/publications\/CAAqBwgKMLG0nwswvr63Aw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Google News<\/a><\/span>\u00a0too, click on the star and choose us from your favorites.<\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">For forums sites go to <span style=\"color: #ff9900;\"><a style=\"color: #ff9900;\" href=\"https:\/\/forum.buradabiliyorum.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forum.BuradaBiliyorum.Com<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>If you want to read more <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/news\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"2\" title=\"News\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">News<\/a> articles, you can visit our <span style=\"color: #ff9900;\"><a style=\"color: #ff9900;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.buradabiliyorum.com\/news\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">News category.<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"color: black;\"><a style=\"color: #ff9900;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.marketwatch.com\/news\/story.asp?guid=%7B21005575-02D4-D4B5-4572-D20BEEBD4EE8%7D&#038;siteid=rss&#038;rss=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Source<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#8220;#Market Extra: How Biden\u2019s infrastructure plan could rescue rural America&#8221; Roughly $115 billion price tag, a few ways to pay It is tempting to imagine throngs of urban dwellers fleeing high-price cities to take up work remote in bucolic corners of America due to the coronavirus pandemic and the widespread availability of broadband internet. But&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":159993,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[70897],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-159992","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/159992","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=159992"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/159992\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/159993"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=159992"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=159992"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=159992"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}