{"id":328639,"date":"2021-08-21T12:00:40","date_gmt":"2021-08-21T09:00:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/en.buradabiliyorum.com\/ai-can-now-identify-footprints-and-catch-criminals\/"},"modified":"2021-08-21T12:00:40","modified_gmt":"2021-08-21T09:00:40","slug":"ai-can-now-identify-footprints-and-catch-criminals","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/ai-can-now-identify-footprints-and-catch-criminals\/","title":{"rendered":"#AI can now identify footprints and catch criminals"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a3c1a89346be\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #dd3333;color:#dd3333\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #dd3333;color:#dd3333\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a3c1a89346be\" checked aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/ai-can-now-identify-footprints-and-catch-criminals\/#Whats_in_a_footprint\" >What\u2019s in a footprint?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/ai-can-now-identify-footprints-and-catch-criminals\/#Will_AI_replace_experts\" >Will AI replace experts?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p>&#8220;<strong>#AI can now identify footprints and catch criminals<\/strong>&#8221;<\/p>\n<div>We rely on experts all the time. If you need financial advice, you ask an expert. If you are sick, you visit a doctor, and as a juror you may listen to an expert witness. In the future, however, artificial intelligence (AI) might replace many of these people.<\/p>\n<p>In forensic <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/sciencee\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"5\" title=\"Science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">science<\/a>, the expert witness plays a vital role. Lawyers seek them out for their analysis and opinion on specialist evidence. But experts are human, with all their failings, and the role of expert witnesses has frequently been <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1712161115\">linked to<\/a> miscarriages of justice.<\/p>\n<p>We\u2019ve been investigating the potential for AI to study evidence in forensic science. In two recent papers, we found AI was better at assessing footprints than <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/general\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"3\" title=\"General\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">general<\/a> forensic scientists, but not better than specific footprint experts.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Whats_in_a_footprint\"><\/span>What\u2019s in a footprint?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>As you walk around your home barefoot you leave footprints, as <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.14718\">indentations in your carpet<\/a> or as residue from your feet. Bloody footprints are common at violent crime scenes. They allow investigators to reconstruct events and perhaps profile an unknown suspect.<\/p>\n<p>Shoe prints are one of the <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.14662\">most common<\/a> types of evidence, especially <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scijus.2021.04.003\">at domestic burglaries<\/a>. These traces are recovered from windowsills, doors, toilet seats and floors and may be visible to or hidden from the naked eye. In the UK, recovered marks are analysed by police forces and used to search <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.policeprofessional.com\/news\/the-national-footwear-reference-collection-nfrc\/\">a database<\/a> of footwear patterns.<\/p>\n<p>The size of barefoot prints can tell you about a suspect\u2019s height, weight, and even gender. In a<a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0255630\"> recent study<\/a>, we asked an expert podiatrist to determine the gender of a bunch of footprints and they got it right just over 50% of the time. We then created a neural network, a form of AI, and asked it to do the same thing. It got it right around 90% of the time. What\u2019s more, much to our surprise, it could also assign an age to the track-maker at least to the nearest decade.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center \">\n<p><figure class=\"post-image post-mediaBleed aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" alt=\"A series of footprints with a heat map over them.\" width=\"600\" height=\"368\" class=\"js-lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/405889\/original\/file-20210611-17-1wr8c6w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/405889\/original\/file-20210611-17-1wr8c6w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=368&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/405889\/original\/file-20210611-17-1wr8c6w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=368&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/405889\/original\/file-20210611-17-1wr8c6w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=368&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/405889\/original\/file-20210611-17-1wr8c6w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=463&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/405889\/original\/file-20210611-17-1wr8c6w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=463&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/405889\/original\/file-20210611-17-1wr8c6w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=463&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\"\/><figcaption><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"#\" data-url=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Feditorial.thenextweb.com%2Fneural%2F2021%2F08%2F21%2Fai-identify-footprints-but-forensic-experts-wont-get-fired-syndication%2F&amp;via=thenextweb&amp;related=thenextweb&amp;text=Check out this picture on: The footprints analyzed by the Bluestar AI, with a heat map over them suggesting areas of ambiguity. Matthew Bennett, Author provided\" data-title=\"Share The footprints analyzed by the Bluestar AI, with a heat map over them suggesting areas of ambiguity. Matthew Bennett, Author provided on Twitter\" data-width=\"685\" data-height=\"500\" class=\"post-image-share popitup\" title=\"Share The footprints analyzed by the Bluestar AI, with a heat map over them suggesting areas of ambiguity. Matthew Bennett, Author provided on Twitter\"><i class=\"icon icon--inline icon--twitter--dark\"\/><\/a>The footprints analyzed by the Bluestar AI, with a heat map over them suggesting areas of ambiguity. Matthew Bennett, Author provided<\/figcaption><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/405889\/original\/file-20210611-17-1wr8c6w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"A series of footprints with a heat map over them.\" width=\"600\" height=\"368\" class=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/405889\/original\/file-20210611-17-1wr8c6w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=368&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/405889\/original\/file-20210611-17-1wr8c6w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=368&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/405889\/original\/file-20210611-17-1wr8c6w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=368&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/405889\/original\/file-20210611-17-1wr8c6w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=463&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/405889\/original\/file-20210611-17-1wr8c6w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=463&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/405889\/original\/file-20210611-17-1wr8c6w.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=463&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\"\/><\/noscript><\/figure><figcaption\/><\/p>\n<\/figure>\n<p>When it comes to shoe prints, footwear experts can identify the make and model of a shoe simply by experience \u2013 it\u2019s second nature to these experts and mistakes are rare. Anecdotally, we\u2019ve been told there are fewer than 30 footwear experts in the UK today. However, there are thousands of forensic and police personnel in the UK who are casual users of the the footwear database. For these casual users, analysing footwear can be challenging and their work often needs to be verified by an expert. For that reason, we thought AI may be able to help.<\/p>\n<p>We tasked a second neural network, developed as part of an ongoing partnership with UK-based <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.asoc.2021.107496\">Bluestar Software<\/a>, with identifying the make and model of footwear impressions. This AI takes a black and white footwear impression and automatically recognises the shape of component treads. Are the component treads square, triangular or circular? Is there a logo or writing on the shoe impression? Each of these shapes corresponds to a code in a simple classification. It is these codes that are used to search the database. In fact the AI gives a <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/watch-movies-tv-seriess\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"8\" title=\"Watch Movies &amp; TV Series\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">series<\/a> of suggested codes for the user to verify and identifies areas of ambiguity that need checking.<\/p>\n<p>In one of our experiments, an occasional user was given 100 randomly selected shoe prints to analyse. Across the trial, which we ran several times, the casual user got it right between 22% and 83% of the time. In comparison the AI was between 60% and 91% successful. Footwear experts, however, are right nearly 100% of the time.<\/p>\n<p>One reason why our second neural network wasn\u2019t perfect and didn\u2019t outperform real experts, is that shoes vary with wear, making the task more complex. Buy a new pair of shoes and the tread is sharp and clear but after a month or two it becomes less clear. But while the AI couldn\u2019t replace the expert trained to spot these things it did outperform occasional users, suggesting it could help free up time for the expert to focus on more difficult cases.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Will_AI_replace_experts\"><\/span>Will AI replace experts?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Systems like this increase the accuracy of footwear evidence and we will probably see it used more often than it is currently \u2013 especially in intelligence-led policing that aims to link crimes and reduce the cost of domestic burglaries. In the UK alone they cost on average \u00a35,930 per incident in 2018, which amounts to <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/the-economic-and-social-costs-of-crime\">a total economic cost<\/a> of \u00a34.1 billion.<\/p>\n<p>AI will never replace the skilled and experienced judgement of a well-trained footwear examiner. But it might help by reducing the burden on those experts and allow them to focus on the difficult cases by helping the casual users to identify the make and model of a footprint more reliably on their own. At the same time, the experts who use this AI will replace the ones who don\u2019t.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\"js-lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/161686\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\"\/><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/161686\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\"\" srcset=\"\"\/><\/noscript><\/p>\n<p><em>This article by\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/matthew-robert-bennett-311448\">Matthew Robert Bennett<\/a>, Professor of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/bournemouth-university-1215\">Bournemouth University<\/a> and <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/marcin-budka-311449\">Marcin Budka<\/a>, Professor of Data Science, <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/bournemouth-university-1215\">Bournemouth University,<\/a> is republished from <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/we-trained-ai-to-recognise-footprints-but-it-wont-replace-forensic-experts-yet-161686\">original article<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><script async src=\"\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">If you liked the article, do not forget to share it with your friends. Follow us on\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><a style=\"color: #ff0000;\" href=\"https:\/\/news.google.com\/publications\/CAAqBwgKMLG0nwswvr63Aw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Google News<\/a><\/span>\u00a0too, click on the star and choose us from your favorites.<\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">For forums sites go to <span style=\"color: #ff9900;\"><a style=\"color: #ff9900;\" href=\"https:\/\/forum.buradabiliyorum.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forum.BuradaBiliyorum.Com<\/a><\/span><\/strong>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>If you want to read more like this article, you can visit our <span style=\"color: #ff9900;\"><a style=\"color: #ff9900;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.buradabiliyorum.com\/technology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Technology category.<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"color: black;\"><a style=\"color: #ff9900;\" href=\"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/news\/ai-identify-footprints-but-forensic-experts-wont-get-fired-syndication\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Source<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#8220;#AI can now identify footprints and catch criminals&#8221; We rely on experts all the time. If you need financial advice, you ask an expert. If you are sick, you visit a doctor, and as a juror you may listen to an expert witness. In the future, however, artificial intelligence (AI) might replace many of these&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":328640,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/img-cdn.tnwcdn.com\/image\/neural?filter_last=1&fit=1280,640&url=https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2021\/08\/footrpints.png&signature=479b4a5a4ecd55f12624e99786d977e3","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-328639","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-technology"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/328639","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=328639"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/328639\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/328640"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=328639"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=328639"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=328639"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}