{"id":333260,"date":"2021-09-01T14:00:05","date_gmt":"2021-09-01T11:00:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/en.buradabiliyorum.com\/the-foundation-of-the-internet-tcp-ip-turns-40\/"},"modified":"2021-09-01T14:00:05","modified_gmt":"2021-09-01T11:00:05","slug":"the-foundation-of-the-internet-tcp-ip-turns-40","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/the-foundation-of-the-internet-tcp-ip-turns-40\/","title":{"rendered":"#The Foundation of the Internet: TCP\/IP Turns 40"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a3f67e6d72cc\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #dd3333;color:#dd3333\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #dd3333;color:#dd3333\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a3f67e6d72cc\" checked aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/the-foundation-of-the-internet-tcp-ip-turns-40\/#What_Is_TCPIP\" >What Is TCP\/IP?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/the-foundation-of-the-internet-tcp-ip-turns-40\/#Why_Was_TCPIP_Created\" >Why Was TCP\/IP Created?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/the-foundation-of-the-internet-tcp-ip-turns-40\/#How_Does_TCPIP_Work\" >How Does TCP\/IP Work?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/the-foundation-of-the-internet-tcp-ip-turns-40\/#When_Did_TCPIP_Come_Into_Use\" >When Did TCP\/IP Come Into Use?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/the-foundation-of-the-internet-tcp-ip-turns-40\/#The_Future_of_TCPIP\" >The Future of TCP\/IP<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p><strong>&#8220;#The Foundation of the Internet: TCP\/IP Turns 40&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n<div>\n<figure style=\"width: 1200px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"type:primaryImage wp-image-752047 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.howtogeek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/tcpip_hero_1.jpg?width=398&amp;trim=1,1&amp;bg-color=000&amp;pad=1,1 400w, https:\/\/www.howtogeek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/tcpip_hero_1.jpg?width=1198&amp;trim=1,1&amp;bg-color=000&amp;pad=1,1 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, 400w, 1200w\" alt=\"A rainbow of Ethernet cables\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.shutterstock.com\/image-photo\/fiber-optic-cables-connected-ports-network-279060356\" data-credittext=\"asharkyu\/Shutterstock.com\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span class=\"type:primaryImage imagecredit\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.shutterstock.com\/image-photo\/fiber-optic-cables-connected-ports-network-279060356\">asharkyu\/Shutterstock.com<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>40 years ago\u2014in September 1981\u2014<a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DARPA\">DARPA<\/a> published the finalized specifications of the TCP\/IP protocol suite, which defines the basic rules for how the internet works. While TCP\/IP didn\u2019t become widely adopted until 1983, this milestone can help us understand why TCP\/IP was so important.<\/p>\n<h2 role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Is_TCPIP\"><\/span>What Is TCP\/IP?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>TCP\/IP is a protocol suite consisting of two main protocols conceived by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP). Internet Protocol defines addressing and routing\u2014how packets of data flow through the network. The Transmission Control Protocol handles making connections and ensuring data packets get to their proper destination. The two protocols work together to create the foundation of the modern internet.<\/p>\n<p><strong>RELATED:<\/strong> <strong><em>How Do IP Addresses Work?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_Was_TCPIP_Created\"><\/span>Why Was TCP\/IP Created?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Before the internet, the US Department of Defense (through ARPA), created a computer network called <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ARPANET\">ARPANET<\/a> that linked US government and university computers around the country. ARPANET came online in 1969. Prior to TCP, ARPANET used a protocol called <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Network_Control_Program\">NCP<\/a> (Network Control Program) for making connections between machines on the network.<\/p>\n<p>According to the NCP\/TCP transition plan (<a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/doc\/html\/rfc801\">RFC801<\/a>) published in November 1981, the need for TCP\/IP arose from multiple fronts. Increasingly, experimental computer networks had begun using radio and satellite links rather than physical wires. Also, organizations had increasingly researched local networks\u2014groups of machines communicating together within the same facility rather than over long distances. The architects of ARPANET realized that the underlying protocols then in use were \u201cinadequate\u201d for spanning all these different and new types of networks.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-752314 size-full\" alt=\"A map of ARPANET from 1980\" width=\"650\" height=\"438\" src=\"https:\/\/personalpages.manchester.ac.uk\/staff\/m.dodge\/cybergeography\/atlas\/historical.html\" data-credittext=\"DARPA\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A geographical map of ARPANET in 1980. <span class=\"imagecredit\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/personalpages.manchester.ac.uk\/staff\/m.dodge\/cybergeography\/atlas\/historical.html\">DARPA<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>At the same time, during the 1970s, companies such as IBM, DEC, AT&amp;T, and Xerox had created their own proprietary, incompatible computer networks that fragmented the sharing of information. So the TCP\/IP suite was im<a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/social-mediaa\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"1\" title=\"Social Media\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">media<\/a>tely notable because it represented a non-proprietary, royalty-free, open-architecture solution that allowed computers of any kind to communicate through any medium, as long as the TCP\/IP software was implemented on the system.<\/p>\n<p>Development on TCP and IP began in 1973 by\u00a0Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn. After development throughout the 1970s by Cerf, Kahn, and others, DARPA published specifications on TCP and IP in <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Request_for_Comments\">RFC<\/a> documents <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/doc\/html\/rfc791\">791<\/a> and <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/doc\/html\/rfc793\">793<\/a>, dated September 1981, which represented the first public introduction of the finalized TCP\/IP framework.<\/p>\n<h2 role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_Does_TCPIP_Work\"><\/span>How Does TCP\/IP Work?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>TCP and IP are two separate technologies that work together, hand-in-hand, to achieve reliable connections through a heterogeneous (many different types of computers and links) computer network.<\/p>\n<p>As previously mentioned, IP handles addressing machines on the network and how blocks of data (called \u201c<a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Network_packet\">packets<\/a>\u201c) reach the proper destination. TCP ensures that the packets reach their destination without error, calling ahead to make sure there is a host to receive the information and, if the information is lost on the way or corrupted, re-transmitting the data until it gets there safely.<\/p>\n<p>TCP\/IP\u2019s architects purposely separated the implementation of TCP and IP to make the network more flexible and modular. In fact, TCP can be sw<a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/download-scripts-themes-apps\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"9\" title=\"Download Scripts &amp; Themes &amp; Apps\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">app<\/a>ed out with a different protocol called UDP that is faster but allows data loss in situations where 100% transmission accuracy isn\u2019t necessary, such as a telephone call or a video broadcast.<\/p>\n<p>Network engineers call this modular design a \u201c<a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Protocol_stack\">protocol stack<\/a>,\u201d and it allows some of the lower layers in the stack to be handled independently in a way that is most appropriate for the local machine architecture. Then the upper layers can work on top of those to communicate with each other. In the case of the Internet, this stack typically consists of four layers:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Link Layer<\/strong> \u2013 Low-level protocols that work with a physical medium (such as Ethernet)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Internet Layer<\/strong> \u2013 Routes packets (IP, for example)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Transport Layer<\/strong> \u2013 Makes and breaks connections (TCP, for example)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Application Layer<\/strong> \u2013 How people use the network (the web, FTP, and others)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The protocols that handle the web (such as the HyperText Transfer Protocol, or HTTP) are on the application layer, and they work on top of TCP and IP. Thanks to this model, HTTP does not need to know how to make or break connections at a low level\u2014all of that is handled by the protocols lower in the stack. It makes for a very flexible system and is the reason why TCP\/IP were so successful and why they still serve as the backbone of the internet today.<\/p>\n<p><strong>RELATED:<\/strong> <strong><em>The First Website: How the Web Looked 30 Years Ago<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"When_Did_TCPIP_Come_Into_Use\"><\/span>When Did TCP\/IP Come Into Use?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>While in development, TCP\/IP came into experimental use as early as 1973. As its creators continued to refine the protocols, Internet Protocol (IP) went from version 1 to version 4 by 1981, which is still the version of IP still widely used today.<\/p>\n<p>Although DARPA introduced the first finalized version of the TCP and IP protocols (version 4) in September 1981, some ARPANET computers continued using the earlier ARPANET protocols (such as NCP) for a time. As with any entrenched <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/technology\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"4\" title=\"Technology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">technology<\/a>, change can take time, and the architects of the plan designed a <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/doc\/html\/rfc801\">transition period<\/a> between NCP and TCP that would end on January 1, 1983.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-752323 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.howtogeek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/vint_tshirt.jpg?trim=1,1&amp;bg-color=000&amp;pad=1,1\" alt=\"Vint Cerf on the cover of the August 1996 issue of Boardwatch Magazine wearing an &quot;I P on Everything&quot; t-shirt.\" width=\"650\" height=\"400\" data-credittext=\"Boardwatch Magazine\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vint Cerf on the cover of the August 1996 issue of Boardwatch Magazine wearing an \u201cIP on Everything\u201d t-shirt in an era where IP wasn\u2019t the clear protocol winner. <span class=\"imagecredit\">Boardwatch Magazine<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The January 1, 1983 \u201c<a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flag_day_(computing)\">flag day<\/a>\u201d (a day when a dramatic change happens in computing), marked the beginning of widespread use of TCP\/IP and the birth of the modern internet. Even then, other network protocols remained widely in use, and it wasn\u2019t until the mid-1990s that TCP\/IP became the clear \u201cwinner\u201d in what some call the <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Protocol_Wars\">Protocol Wars<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>RELATED:<\/strong> <strong><em>How Does the Internet Work?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Future_of_TCPIP\"><\/span>The Future of TCP\/IP<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Currently, most of the internet runs on Internet Protocol version 4, commonly called \u201cIPv4.\u201d But there\u2019s a newer version called \u201cIPv6,\u201d introduced in 1998, that is slowly rolling out over time (very slowly). Among IPv6\u2019s most important features is support for 128-bit addresses, allowing for <span class=\"ILfuVd\"><span class=\"hgKElc\">340 trillion trillion trillion<\/span><\/span> devices with unique IP addresses on the network.<\/p>\n<p>In contrast, IPv4 supports 32-bit addressing, allowing over 4.2 billion IP addresses. While 4.2 billion sounds like a lot, we\u2019ve already <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IPv4_address_exhaustion\">reached the limit of IPv4 addresses assigned<\/a> some time within the 2010s, depending on how you choose to measure it.<\/p>\n<p>Luckily, IPv4 and IPv6 are interoperable, so computer vendors, internet hosts, and assigning authorities have some breathing room while making the transition to IPv6 over time. Even with all its improvements, IPv6 traces it architecture back to the same research started by Cerf and Evans in 1973 and finalized in 1981. That\u2019s quite a legacy. Happy Birthday, TCP\/IP!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><script>\n setTimeout(function(){\n  !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s)\n  {if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod?\n  n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};\n  if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';\n  n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0;\n  t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];\n  s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s) } (window, document,'script',\n  'https:\/\/connect.facebook.net\/en_US\/fbevents.js');\n   fbq('init', '335401813750447');\n   fbq('track', 'PageView');\n  },3000);\n<\/script><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">If you liked the article, do not forget to share it with your friends. 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While TCP\/IP didn\u2019t become widely adopted until 1983, this milestone can help us understand why TCP\/IP was so important. What Is TCP\/IP?&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":333261,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/www.howtogeek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/tcpip_hero_1.jpg?height=200p&trim=2,2,2,2","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-333260","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-technology"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/333260","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=333260"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/333260\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/333261"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=333260"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=333260"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=333260"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}