{"id":374323,"date":"2021-11-30T15:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-11-30T12:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/en.buradabiliyorum.com\/how-the-xerox-star-created-the-desktop\/"},"modified":"2021-11-30T15:00:00","modified_gmt":"2021-11-30T12:00:00","slug":"how-the-xerox-star-created-the-desktop","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/how-the-xerox-star-created-the-desktop\/","title":{"rendered":"#How the Xerox Star Created the Desktop"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a3bba87b8f48\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #dd3333;color:#dd3333\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #dd3333;color:#dd3333\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a3bba87b8f48\" checked aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/how-the-xerox-star-created-the-desktop\/#Getting_Office_Workers_Into_Computing\" >Getting Office Workers Into Computing<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/how-the-xerox-star-created-the-desktop\/#Origin_of_The_Desktop_Metaphor\" >Origin of The Desktop Metaphor<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/how-the-xerox-star-created-the-desktop\/#Xerox_Star_8010_Information_System_Specs\" >Xerox Star 8010 Information System Specs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/how-the-xerox-star-created-the-desktop\/#From_Xerox_to_Apple_A_Continuum_of_Innovation\" >From Xerox to Apple: A Continuum of Innovation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p><strong>&#8220;#How the Xerox Star Created the Desktop&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n<div>\n<figure style=\"width: 1200px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"type:primaryImage wp-image-769991 size-full\" data-pagespeed-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.howtogeek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/xerox_star_hero_3.jpg?width=398&amp;trim=1,1&amp;bg-color=000&amp;pad=1,1 400w, https:\/\/www.howtogeek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/xerox_star_hero_3.jpg?width=1198&amp;trim=1,1&amp;bg-color=000&amp;pad=1,1 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, 400w, 1200w\" data-pagespeed-lazy-src=\"https:\/\/www.howtogeek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/xerox_star_hero_3.jpg?width=1198&amp;trim=1,1&amp;bg-color=000&amp;pad=1,1\" alt=\"The Xerox Star 8010 Information System\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" data-credittext=\"Xerox\" src=\"\/pagespeed_static\/1.JiBnMqyl6S.gif\" onload=\"pagespeed.lazyLoadImages.loadIfVisibleAndMaybeBeacon(this);\" onerror=\"this.onerror=null;pagespeed.lazyLoadImages.loadIfVisibleAndMaybeBeacon(this);\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span class=\"type:primaryImage imagecredit\">Xerox<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>In 1981, Xerox released the 8010 Information System, which was the first commercial computer with a <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Graphical_user_interface\">GUI<\/a> and the first to introduce the desktop metaphor with folders and icons that we still use today. 40 years later, we take a look at why it was special.<\/p>\n<h2 role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Getting_Office_Workers_Into_Computing\"><\/span>Getting Office Workers Into Computing<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In the 1960s and 70s, most computers were large, expensive devices operated using batch-processing with punched cards or through interactive command-line operating systems accessed through teletypes or video display terminals. They weren\u2019t very user-friendly and required specialized training to program or operate properly.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-770602 size-full\" data-pagespeed-lazy-src=\"https:\/\/www.howtogeek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/xerox_star_man_1.jpg?trim=1,1&amp;bg-color=000&amp;pad=1,1\" alt=\"A man using a Xerox Star.\" width=\"650\" height=\"500\" data-crediturl=\"https:\/\/www.digibarn.com\/collections\/screenshots\/xerox-star-8010\/index.html\" data-credittext=\"Xerox\/Norm Cox\/Digibarn\" src=\"\/pagespeed_static\/1.JiBnMqyl6S.gif\" onload=\"pagespeed.lazyLoadImages.loadIfVisibleAndMaybeBeacon(this);\" onerror=\"this.onerror=null;pagespeed.lazyLoadImages.loadIfVisibleAndMaybeBeacon(this);\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Xerox Star arguably made computers user-friendly for the first time. <span class=\"imagecredit\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.digibarn.com\/collections\/screenshots\/xerox-star-8010\/index.html\">Xerox\/Norm Cox\/Digibarn<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>In the early 1970s, Xerox began to experiment with a new graphical <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/download-scripts-themes-apps\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"9\" title=\"Download Scripts &amp; Themes &amp; Apps\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">app<\/a>roach that culminated in its revolutionary Xerox Alto computer, which utilized a mouse and a bitmapped display. When it came time to commercialize the Alto into a shippable product in the late 1970s, Xerox needed an interface that could ease office professionals without computer training into using computers. That job fell to <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Canfield_Smith\">David Canfield Smith<\/a> of Xerox, who invented the desktop metaphor.<\/p>\n<p><strong>RELATED:<\/strong> <strong><em>The Modern PC Archetype: Use a 1970s Xerox Alto in Your Browser<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Origin_of_The_Desktop_Metaphor\"><\/span>Origin of The Desktop Metaphor<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>When Xerox tasked David Canfield Smith with figuring out how ordinary office workers could use Xerox\u2019s new bitmapped computer system, Smith drew on his thesis work with symbolic computing, where a computer could be programmed visually. In the process, Smith invented the computer icon, first outlined in his <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/title\/pygmalion-a-creative-programming-environment\/oclc\/182868720\">1975 doctoral thesis<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>As an extension of that, Smith realized that he needed a metaphor that office workers already understood. He settled on visual, on-screen representations of real-world objects such as file cabinets, folders, and in-baskets that office workers used every day.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI literally looked around my office and created an icon for everything I saw,\u201d said Smith in a <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=xNW8wUpbqQM\">2020 award speech<\/a> recorded for the Association for Computing Machinery\u2019s Special Interest Group on Computer\u2013Human Interaction (SIGCHI).<\/p>\n<lite-youtube videoid=\"xNW8wUpbqQM\" style=\"background-image: url('https:\/\/i.ytimg.com\/vi\/xNW8wUpbqQM\/hqdefault.jpg');\">\n<button type=\"button\" class=\"lty-playbtn\"><br \/>\n<span class=\"lyt-visually-hidden\">Play Video<\/span><br \/>\n<\/button>\n<\/lite-youtube>\n<p>Unsurprisingly, icons played a huge part in the Xerox Star interface. After several iterations of experimental icons, a Xerox graphic designer named\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.digibarn.com\/collections\/software\/xerox-star\/xerox-world-according-to-norm.html\">Norm Cox<\/a> drew the Star\u2019s final interface, which included the first document and folder icons used in computer history.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe folder was a real-world metaphor for the computing \u2018directory\u2019 file,\u201d wrote Cox in an email to How-To Geek. \u201cIt was probably the easiest of all the icons to render, since it had such a common real-world representation (the ubiquitous manila folder) with a very distinct shape.\u201d<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-770600 size-full\" data-pagespeed-lazy-src=\"https:\/\/www.howtogeek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/xerox_star_folder_icon2.jpg?trim=1,1&amp;bg-color=000&amp;pad=1,1\" alt=\"The Xerox Star folder borrowed its design from real manila folders.\" width=\"650\" height=\"296\" data-crediturl=\"https:\/\/www.shutterstock.com\/image-photo\/group-stacked-files-top-view-isolated-696789433\" data-credittext=\"Digibarn\/Mega Pixel\/Shutterstock.com\" src=\"\/pagespeed_static\/1.JiBnMqyl6S.gif\" onload=\"pagespeed.lazyLoadImages.loadIfVisibleAndMaybeBeacon(this);\" onerror=\"this.onerror=null;pagespeed.lazyLoadImages.loadIfVisibleAndMaybeBeacon(this);\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Xerox Star folder borrowed its design from manila folders. <span class=\"imagecredit\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.shutterstock.com\/image-photo\/group-stacked-files-top-view-isolated-696789433\">Digibarn\/Mega Pixel\/Shutterstock.com<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Cox had more trouble drawing a generic document icon, whose design went through several iterations. \u201cInitially the document icon was difficult to visually indicate a piece of paper,\u201d says Cox. \u201cThe turned-down corner inspiration came from an icon embossed on the office copier that instructed users how to correctly insert documents into the feeder\u2013face up or face down.\u201d<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-770603\" data-pagespeed-lazy-src=\"https:\/\/www.howtogeek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/xerox_star_document_icon_evolution.jpg?trim=1,1&amp;bg-color=000&amp;pad=1,1\" alt=\"\" width=\"650\" height=\"484\" src=\"\/pagespeed_static\/1.JiBnMqyl6S.gif\" onload=\"pagespeed.lazyLoadImages.loadIfVisibleAndMaybeBeacon(this);\" onerror=\"this.onerror=null;pagespeed.lazyLoadImages.loadIfVisibleAndMaybeBeacon(this);\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span class=\"imagecredit\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.digibarn.com\/collections\/screenshots\/xerox-star-8010\/index.html\">Xerox\/Norm Cox\/Digibarn<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Ultimately, the Star interface proved familiar to office workers, and Smith says in his speech that it was received well during testing. It wasn\u2019t quite as flexible as some desktop-based GUIs that came after the Star, but it undoubtedly pioneered the desktop-and-icon-based computers we commonly use today.<\/p>\n<p><strong>RELATED:<\/strong> <strong><em>What Are Computer Files and Folders?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Xerox_Star_8010_Information_System_Specs\"><\/span>Xerox Star 8010 Information System Specs<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The Xerox 8010 Information System emerged from Xerox\u2019s Systems Development Department (SDD) and featured the work of the aforementioned David Canfield Smith and Norm Cox, as well as a team of others that included Dave Liddle, Charles Irby, Ralph Kimball, Bill Verplank, Wallace Judd, and more.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-770607 size-full\" data-pagespeed-lazy-src=\"https:\/\/www.howtogeek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/star_interface_1.jpg?trim=1,1&amp;bg-color=000&amp;pad=1,1\" alt=\"The Xerox Star desktop interface.\" width=\"650\" height=\"403\" data-crediturl=\"https:\/\/www.digibarn.com\/collections\/screenshots\/xerox-star-8010\/index.html\" data-credittext=\"Xerox\/Norm Cox\/Digibarn\" src=\"\/pagespeed_static\/1.JiBnMqyl6S.gif\" onload=\"pagespeed.lazyLoadImages.loadIfVisibleAndMaybeBeacon(this);\" onerror=\"this.onerror=null;pagespeed.lazyLoadImages.loadIfVisibleAndMaybeBeacon(this);\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Xerox 8010 \u201cStar\u201d Information System desktop. <span class=\"imagecredit\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.digibarn.com\/collections\/screenshots\/xerox-star-8010\/index.html\">Xerox\/Norm Cox\/Digibarn<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>What they engineered was a powerful but expensive machine with a high-resolution monochrome bitmapped display, an internal hard disk, and robust local area networking support through <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ethernet\">Ethernet<\/a>, which Xerox invented. Here\u2019s a rundown of its specs:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Introduced:<\/strong> April 27, 1981<a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.digibarn.com\/collections\/systems\/xerox-8010\/index.html\">*<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Price:<\/strong> $16,595 (about <span id=\"answer\">$51,500 today)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong>CPU:<\/strong> Custom <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AMD_Am2900\">AMD Am2900<\/a>-derived<\/li>\n<li><strong>Memory:<\/strong> 384 KB \u2013 1.5 MB<\/li>\n<li><strong>Storage:<\/strong> 10-40 MB Hard Drive, 8\u2033 Floppy Disk (600 KB)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Display:<\/strong> 17\u2033 CRT with a <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110718030555\/http:\/\/toastytech.com\/guis\/star.html\">1024\u00d7808 resolution<\/a>, 1-bit monochrome<\/li>\n<li><strong>Input:<\/strong> 2-button mouse, modular keyboard<\/li>\n<li><strong>Networking:<\/strong> Ethernet<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Using an 8010, you could easily design a document with graphical and text elements then print it to a networked laser printer that would be shared with a pool of 8010 workstations.<\/p>\n<p>With a high price tag and a target market of large businesses, the Star was never destined to take off as a consumer product. But it was fairly successful, selling \u201ctens of thousands\u201d of units <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.digibarn.com\/collections\/systems\/xerox-8010\/index.html\">according to Digibarn<\/a> and inspiring follow-up systems that refined the Star\u2019s desktop interface into an operating system called <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.digibarn.com\/collections\/systems\/xerox6085\/\">Viewpoint<\/a>. It also inspired a few famous companies called Apple and Microsoft.<\/p>\n<h2 role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"From_Xerox_to_Apple_A_Continuum_of_Innovation\"><\/span>From Xerox to Apple: A Continuum of Innovation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Throughout history, <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/technology\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"4\" title=\"Technology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">technology<\/a> has built off of inventions that have come before.\u00a0Technological innovation can be thought of as a long continuum of inventions that are more interrelated than miraculous discoveries appearing out of nowhere. For example, the Star system borrowed heavily from the Xerox Alto and the <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smalltalk\">Smalltalk<\/a> environment created by Alan Kay, and the Alto itself <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NLS_(computer_system)\">borrowed from<\/a> graphical computer projects before that.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-770606\" data-pagespeed-lazy-src=\"https:\/\/www.howtogeek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/apple_lisa_photo.jpg?trim=1,1&amp;bg-color=000&amp;pad=1,1\" alt=\"A man using an Apple Lisa computer.\" width=\"650\" height=\"488\" src=\"\/pagespeed_static\/1.JiBnMqyl6S.gif\" onload=\"pagespeed.lazyLoadImages.loadIfVisibleAndMaybeBeacon(this);\" onerror=\"this.onerror=null;pagespeed.lazyLoadImages.loadIfVisibleAndMaybeBeacon(this);\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span class=\"imagecredit\">Apple<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Similarly, the Star influenced successor computer systems, such as the Apple Lisa, although some confusion exists about exactly how much of the Apple Lisa interface originated from the Xerox Star. It\u2019s not a black and white situation: the Lisa project preceded the release of the Star, and the Lisa team says they were mostly inspired by the Smalltalk programming environment on the Xerox Alto. But in <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tech-insider.org\/mac\/research\/1983\/02-a.html\">an interview with Byte Magazine<\/a> published in early 1983, Xerox veteran and Lisa team member <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Larry_Tesler\">Larry Tesler<\/a> admitted a heavy influence, saying:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>We went to the NCC when the Star was announced and looked at it. And in fact it did have an im<a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/social-mediaa\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"1\" title=\"Social Media\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">media<\/a>te impact. A few months after looking at it, we made some changes to our user interface based on ideas that we got from it. For example, the desktop manager we had before was completely different; it didn\u2019t use icons at all, and we never liked it very much. We decided to change ours to the icon base. That was probably the only thing we got from Star, I think. Most of our Xerox inspiration was Smalltalk rather than Star.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Lisa borrowed the icon-based desktop metaphor from the Star, but Apple deserves ample credit for extending it dramatically. The Apple Lisa introduced new and innovative GUI ideas such as the ability to drag-and-drop icons and windows, the waste basket (absent from the original Star software but added later), the menu bar, pull-down menus, control panels, overlapping windows, <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.folklore.org\/StoryView.py?project=Macintosh&amp;story=On_Xerox,_Apple_and_Progress.txt\">and more<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The Macintosh also extended further upon the Lisa interface, adding its own unique touches and extending the continuum up to the present. Similarly, Microsoft Windows borrowed from Xerox and Apple alike, adding new elements to the desktop metaphor and the GUI interface as we know it today.<\/p>\n<lite-youtube videoid=\"mtcOvRBQ7pE\" style=\"background-image: url('https:\/\/i.ytimg.com\/vi\/mtcOvRBQ7pE\/hqdefault.jpg');\">\n<button type=\"button\" class=\"lty-playbtn\"><br \/>\n<span class=\"lyt-visually-hidden\">Play Video<\/span><br \/>\n<\/button>\n<\/lite-youtube>\n<p>Despite the influence Apple drew from Xerox, Norm Cox isn\u2019t offended. \u201cPersonally, I was flattered and honored that some of our work was replicated [and it] gave birth to a revolutionary new way of working with computers,\u201d says Cox. \u201c[It] spawned new design thinking methods and a design discipline we now call UX.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Happy 40th birthday, computer desktop!<\/p>\n<p><strong>RELATED:<\/strong> <strong><em>Macintosh System 1: What Was Apple&#8217;s Mac OS 1.0 Like?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><script>\n setTimeout(function(){\n  !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s)\n  {if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod?\n  n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};\n  if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';\n  n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0;\n  t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];\n  s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s) } (window, document,'script',\n  'https:\/\/connect.facebook.net\/en_US\/fbevents.js');\n   fbq('init', '335401813750447');\n   fbq('track', 'PageView');\n  },3000);\n<\/script><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">If you liked the article, do not forget to share it with your friends. Follow us on\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><a style=\"color: #ff0000;\" href=\"https:\/\/news.google.com\/publications\/CAAqBwgKMLG0nwswvr63Aw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Google News<\/a><\/span>\u00a0too, click on the star and choose us from your favorites.<\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">For forums sites go to <span style=\"color: #ff9900;\"><a style=\"color: #ff9900;\" href=\"https:\/\/forum.buradabiliyorum.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forum.BuradaBiliyorum.Com<\/a><\/span><\/strong>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>If you want to read more like this article, you can visit our <span style=\"color: #ff9900;\"><a style=\"color: #ff9900;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.buradabiliyorum.com\/technology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Technology category.<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"color: black;\"><a style=\"color: #ff9900;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.howtogeek.com\/769913\/the-computer-folder-is-40-how-the-xerox-star-created-the-desktop\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Source<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#8220;#How the Xerox Star Created the Desktop&#8221; Xerox In 1981, Xerox released the 8010 Information System, which was the first commercial computer with a GUI and the first to introduce the desktop metaphor with folders and icons that we still use today. 40 years later, we take a look at why it was special. Getting&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":374324,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/www.howtogeek.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/xerox_star_hero_3.jpg?height=200p&trim=2,2,2,2","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-374323","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-technology"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/374323","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=374323"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/374323\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/374324"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=374323"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=374323"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=374323"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}