{"id":433020,"date":"2022-04-17T14:00:07","date_gmt":"2022-04-17T11:00:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/en.buradabiliyorum.com\/how-the-philosophy-of-mind-and-consciousness-has-affected-ai-research\/"},"modified":"2022-04-17T14:00:07","modified_gmt":"2022-04-17T11:00:07","slug":"how-the-philosophy-of-mind-and-consciousness-has-affected-ai-research","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/how-the-philosophy-of-mind-and-consciousness-has-affected-ai-research\/","title":{"rendered":"#How the philosophy of mind and consciousness has affected AI research"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a41044c34521\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #dd3333;color:#dd3333\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #dd3333;color:#dd3333\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a41044c34521\" checked aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/how-the-philosophy-of-mind-and-consciousness-has-affected-ai-research\/#%E2%80%9CHow_the_philosophy_of_mind_and_consciousness_has_affected_AI_research%E2%80%9D\" >&#8220;How the philosophy of mind and consciousness has affected AI research&#8221;<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h1><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9CHow_the_philosophy_of_mind_and_consciousness_has_affected_AI_research%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>&#8220;How the philosophy of mind and consciousness has affected AI research&#8221;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<div>\n                            The \u201cbrain in a jar\u201d is a thought experiment of a disembodied human brain living in a jar of sustenance. The thought experiment explores human conceptions of reality, mind, and consciousness. This article will explore a metaphysical argument against artificial intelligence on the grounds that a disembodied artificial intelligence, or a<span>\u00a0<\/span><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2021\/11\/15\/birth-of-intelligence-book-review\/\">\u201cbrain\u201d without a body<\/a>, is incompatible with the nature of intelligence.<a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"_ftnref1\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2022\/04\/08\/ai-brain-in-jar\/#_ftn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The brain in a jar is a different inquiry than traditional questions about artificial intelligence. The brain in a jar asks whether thinking requires a thinker. The possibility of artificial intelligence primarily revolves around what is necessary to make a computer (or a computer program) intelligent. In this view, artificial intelligence is possible if we can understand intelligence and figure out how to program it into a computer.<\/p>\n<p>The 17th-century French philosopher Ren\u00e9 Descartes deserves much blame for the brain in a jar. Descartes was combating materialism, which explains the world, and everything in it, as entirely made up of matter.<sup><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"_ftnref2\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2022\/04\/08\/ai-brain-in-jar\/#_ftn2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><span>\u00a0<\/span>Descartes separated the mind and body to create a neutral space to discuss nonmaterial substances like consciousness, the soul, and even God. This philosophy of the mind was named cartesian dualism.<sup><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"_ftnref3\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2022\/04\/08\/ai-brain-in-jar\/#_ftn3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Dualism argues that the body and mind are not one thing but separate and opposite things made of different matter that inexplicitly interact.<sup><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"_ftnref4\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2022\/04\/08\/ai-brain-in-jar\/#_ftn4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><span>\u00a0<\/span>Descartes\u2019s methodology to doubt everything, even his own body, in favor of his thoughts, to find something \u201cindubitable,\u201d which he could least doubt, to learn something about knowledge is doubtful. The result is an exhausted epistemological pursuit of understanding what we can know by manipulating metaphysics and what there is. This kind of solipsistic thinking is unwarranted but was not a personality disorder in the 17<sup>th<\/sup><span>\u00a0<\/span>century.<sup><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"_ftnref5\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2022\/04\/08\/ai-brain-in-jar\/#_ftn5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<figure class=\"post-image post-mediaBleed aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-1384800 js-lazy\" alt=\"Descartes AI\" width=\"889\" height=\"549\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 889px) 100vw, 889px\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.18.04.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.18.04.png 688w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.18.04-280x173.png 280w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.18.04-219x135.png 219w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.18.04-437x270.png 437w\"\/><figcaption><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"#\" data-url=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Feditorial.thenextweb.com%2Fneural%2F2022%2F04%2F17%2Fhow-philosophy-of-mind-and-consciousness-has-affected-ai-research%2F&amp;via=thenextweb&amp;related=thenextweb&amp;text=Check out this picture on: French philosopher Rene Descartes proposed the theory of dualism between mind and body.\" data-title=\"Share French philosopher Rene Descartes proposed the theory of dualism between mind and body. on Twitter\" data-width=\"685\" data-height=\"500\" class=\"post-image-share popitup\" title=\"Share French philosopher Rene Descartes proposed the theory of dualism between mind and body. on Twitter\"><i class=\"icon icon--inline icon--twitter--dark\"\/><\/a>French philosopher Rene Descartes proposed the theory of dualism between mind and body.<\/figcaption><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-1384800\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.18.04.png\" alt=\"Descartes AI\" width=\"889\" height=\"549\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.18.04.png 688w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.18.04-280x173.png 280w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.18.04-219x135.png 219w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.18.04-437x270.png 437w\"\/><\/noscript><\/figure>\n<p>There is reason to sympathize with Descartes. Thinking about thinking has perplexed thinkers since the Enlightenment and spawned odd philosophies, theories, paradoxes, and superstitions. In many ways, dualism is no exception.<\/p>\n<p>It wasn\u2019t until the early 20<sup>th<\/sup><span>\u00a0<\/span>century that dualism was legitimately challenged.<sup><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"_ftnref6\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2022\/04\/08\/ai-brain-in-jar\/#_ftn6\">[6]<\/a><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"_ftnref7\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2022\/04\/08\/ai-brain-in-jar\/#_ftn7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><span>\u00a0<\/span>So-called behaviorism argued that mental states could be reduced to physical states, which was nothing more than behavior.<sup><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"_ftnref8\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2022\/04\/08\/ai-brain-in-jar\/#_ftn8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><span>\u00a0<\/span>Aside from the reductionism that results from treating humans as behaviors, the issue with behaviorism is that it ignores mental phenomenon and explains the brain\u2019s activity as producing a collection of behaviors that can only be observed. Concepts like thought, intelligence, feelings, beliefs, desires, and even hereditary and genetics are eliminated in favor of environmental stimuli and behavioral responses.<\/p>\n<p>Consequently, one can never use behaviorism to explain mental phenomena since the focus is on external observable behavior. Philosophers like to joke about two behaviorists evaluating their performance after sex: \u201cIt was great for you, how was it for me?\u201d says one to the other.<sup><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"_ftnref9\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2022\/04\/08\/ai-brain-in-jar\/#_ftn9\">[9]<\/a><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"_ftnref10\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2022\/04\/08\/ai-brain-in-jar\/#_ftn10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><span>\u00a0<\/span>By concentrating on the observable behavior of the body and not the origin of the behavior in the brain, behaviorism became less and less a source of knowledge about intelligence.<\/p>\n<p>This is the reason why behaviorists fail to define intelligence.<sup><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"_ftnref11\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2022\/04\/08\/ai-brain-in-jar\/#_ftn11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup><span>\u00a0<\/span>They believe there is nothing to it.<sup><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"_ftnref12\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2022\/04\/08\/ai-brain-in-jar\/#_ftn12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><span>\u00a0<\/span>Consider Alan Turing\u2019s eponymous Turing Test. Turing dodges defining intelligence by saying that intelligence is as intelligence does. A jar passes the Turing Test if it fools another jar into believing it is<span>\u00a0<\/span><em>behaving<\/em><span>\u00a0<\/span>intelligently by responding to questions with responses that seem intelligent. Turing was a behaviorist.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"post-image post-mediaBleed aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1384801 js-lazy\" alt=\"Turing AI \" width=\"331\" height=\"454\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 331px) 100vw, 331px\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.18.28.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.18.28.png 331w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.18.28-153x210.png 153w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.18.28-98x135.png 98w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.18.28-197x270.png 197w\"\/><figcaption><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"#\" data-url=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Feditorial.thenextweb.com%2Fneural%2F2022%2F04%2F17%2Fhow-philosophy-of-mind-and-consciousness-has-affected-ai-research%2F&amp;via=thenextweb&amp;related=thenextweb&amp;text=Check out this picture on: Computer scientist Alan Turing suggested the imitation game, later named the \u201cTuring Test,\u201d which aims to measure a machine\u2019s ability to manifest intelligent behavior.\" data-title=\"Share Computer scientist Alan Turing suggested the imitation game, later named the \u201cTuring Test,\u201d which aims to measure a machine\u2019s ability to manifest intelligent behavior. on Twitter\" data-width=\"685\" data-height=\"500\" class=\"post-image-share popitup\" title=\"Share Computer scientist Alan Turing suggested the imitation game, later named the \u201cTuring Test,\u201d which aims to measure a machine\u2019s ability to manifest intelligent behavior. on Twitter\"><i class=\"icon icon--inline icon--twitter--dark\"\/><\/a>Computer scientist Alan Turing suggested the imitation <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/game\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"7\" title=\"Game\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">game<\/a>, later named the \u201cTuring Test,\u201d which aims to measure a machine\u2019s ability to manifest intelligent behavior.<\/figcaption><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1384801\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.18.28.png\" alt=\"Turing AI \" width=\"331\" height=\"454\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.18.28.png 331w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.18.28-153x210.png 153w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.18.28-98x135.png 98w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.18.28-197x270.png 197w\"\/><\/noscript><\/figure>\n<p>Behaviorism saw a decline in influence that directly resulted in the inability to explain intelligence. By the 1950s, behaviorism was largely discredited. The most important attack was delivered in 1959 by American linguist Noam Chomsky. Chomsky excoriated B.F. Skinner\u2019s book\u00a0<em>Verbal Behavior<\/em>.<sup><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"_ftnref13\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2022\/04\/08\/ai-brain-in-jar\/#_ftn13\">[13]<\/a><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"_ftnref14\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2022\/04\/08\/ai-brain-in-jar\/#_ftn14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup><span>\u00a0<\/span><em>A review of B. F. Skinner\u2019s Verbal Behavior<\/em>\u00a0is Chomsky\u2019s most cited work, and despite the prosaic name, it has become better known than Skinner\u2019s original work.<sup><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"_ftnref15\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2022\/04\/08\/ai-brain-in-jar\/#_ftn15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Chomsky sparked a reorientation of psychology toward the brain dubbed the<span>\u00a0<\/span><em>cognitive revolution<\/em>. The revolution produced modern cognitive <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/sciencee\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"5\" title=\"Science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">science<\/a>, and functionalism became the new dominant theory of the mind. Functionalism views<span>\u00a0<\/span><em>intelligence<\/em><span>\u00a0<\/span>(i.e., mental phenomenon) as the brain\u2019s<span>\u00a0<\/span><em>functional organization<\/em>\u00a0where individuated functions like language and vision are understood by their causal roles.<\/p>\n<p>Unlike behaviorism, functionalism focuses on what the brain does and where brain function h<a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/download-scripts-themes-apps\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"9\" title=\"Download Scripts &amp; Themes &amp; Apps\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">app<\/a>ens.<sup><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"_ftnref16\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2022\/04\/08\/ai-brain-in-jar\/#_ftn16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup><span>\u00a0<\/span>However, functionalism is not interested in how something works or if it is made of the same material. It doesn\u2019t care if the thing that thinks is a brain or if that brain has a body. If it functions like intelligence, it is intelligent like anything that tells time is a clock. It doesn\u2019t matter what the clock is made of as long as it keeps time.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"post-image post-mediaBleed aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-1384802 js-lazy\" alt=\"Skinner \" width=\"918\" height=\"516\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 918px) 100vw, 918px\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.23.29.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.23.29.png 690w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.23.29-280x157.png 280w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.23.29-240x135.png 240w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.23.29-480x270.png 480w\"\/><figcaption><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"#\" data-url=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Feditorial.thenextweb.com%2Fneural%2F2022%2F04%2F17%2Fhow-philosophy-of-mind-and-consciousness-has-affected-ai-research%2F&amp;via=thenextweb&amp;related=thenextweb&amp;text=Check out this picture on: American psychologist Burrhus Frederic Skinner, known for his work on behaviorism.\" data-title=\"Share American psychologist Burrhus Frederic Skinner, known for his work on behaviorism. on Twitter\" data-width=\"685\" data-height=\"500\" class=\"post-image-share popitup\" title=\"Share American psychologist Burrhus Frederic Skinner, known for his work on behaviorism. on Twitter\"><i class=\"icon icon--inline icon--twitter--dark\"\/><\/a>American psychologist Burrhus Frederic Skinner, known for his work on behaviorism.<\/figcaption><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-1384802\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.23.29.png\" alt=\"Skinner \" width=\"918\" height=\"516\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.23.29.png 690w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.23.29-280x157.png 280w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.23.29-240x135.png 240w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.23.29-480x270.png 480w\"\/><\/noscript><\/figure>\n<p>The American philosopher and computer scientist Hilary Putnam evolved functionalism in<span>\u00a0<\/span><em>Psychological Predicates<\/em><span>\u00a0<\/span>with computational concepts to form computational functionalism.<sup><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"_ftnref17\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2022\/04\/08\/ai-brain-in-jar\/#_ftn17\">[17]<\/a><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"_ftnref18\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2022\/04\/08\/ai-brain-in-jar\/#_ftn18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup><span>\u00a0<\/span>Computationalism, for short, views the mental world as grounded in a physical system (i.e., computer) using concepts such as information, computation (i.e., thinking), memory (i.e., storage), and feedback.<sup><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"_ftnref19\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2022\/04\/08\/ai-brain-in-jar\/#_ftn19\">[19]<\/a><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"_ftnref20\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2022\/04\/08\/ai-brain-in-jar\/#_ftn20\">[20]<\/a><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"_ftnref21\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2022\/04\/08\/ai-brain-in-jar\/#_ftn21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup><span>\u00a0<\/span>Today, artificial intelligence research relies heavily on computational functionalism, where intelligence is organized by functions such as<span>\u00a0<\/span><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2019\/01\/14\/what-is-computer-vision\/\">computer vision<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>and<span>\u00a0<\/span><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2018\/02\/20\/ai-machine-learning-nlg-nlp\/\">natural language processing<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>and explained in computational terms.<\/p>\n<p>Unfortunately, functions do not think. They are aspects of thought. The issue with functionalism \u2014 aside from the reductionism that results from treating thinking as a collection of functions (and humans as brains) \u2014 is that it ignores thinking. While the brain has localized functions with input\u2013output pairs (e.g., perception) that can be represented as a physical system inside a computer, thinking is not a loose collection of localized functions.<\/p>\n<p>John Searle\u2019s famous<span>\u00a0<\/span><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_room\">Chinese Room thought experiment<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>is one of the strongest attacks on computational functionalism. The former philosopher and professor at the University of California, Berkley, thought it impossible to build an intelligent computer because intelligence is a biological phenomenon that presupposes a thinker who has consciousness. This argument is counter to functionalism, which treats intelligence as realizable if anything can mimic the causal role of specific mental states with computational processes.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"post-image post-mediaBleed aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1384804 js-lazy\" alt=\"Searle\" width=\"378\" height=\"509\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 378px) 100vw, 378px\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.23.40.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.23.40.png 378w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.23.40-156x210.png 156w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.23.40-100x135.png 100w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.23.40-201x270.png 201w\"\/><figcaption><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"#\" data-url=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Feditorial.thenextweb.com%2Fneural%2F2022%2F04%2F17%2Fhow-philosophy-of-mind-and-consciousness-has-affected-ai-research%2F&amp;via=thenextweb&amp;related=thenextweb&amp;text=Check out this picture on: Philosopher John Searle proposed the \u201cChinese Room\u201d experiment. Credit: Matthew Breindelthe\" data-title=\"Share Philosopher John Searle proposed the \u201cChinese Room\u201d experiment. Credit: Matthew Breindelthe on Twitter\" data-width=\"685\" data-height=\"500\" class=\"post-image-share popitup\" title=\"Share Philosopher John Searle proposed the \u201cChinese Room\u201d experiment. Credit: Matthew Breindelthe on Twitter\"><i class=\"icon icon--inline icon--twitter--dark\"\/><\/a>Philosopher John Searle proposed the \u201cChinese Room\u201d experiment. Credit: Matthew Breindelthe<\/figcaption><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1384804\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.23.40.png\" alt=\"Searle\" width=\"378\" height=\"509\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.23.40.png 378w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.23.40-156x210.png 156w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.23.40-100x135.png 100w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.23.40-201x270.png 201w\"\/><\/noscript><\/figure>\n<p>The irony of the brain in a jar is that Descartes would not have considered \u201cAI\u201d thinking at all. Descartes was familiar with the automata and mechanical toys of the 17<sup>th<\/sup><span>\u00a0<\/span>century. However, the \u201cI\u201d in Descartes\u2019s dictum \u201c<strong><em>I<\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0<\/span>think, therefore<span>\u00a0<\/span><strong><em>I<\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0<\/span>am,\u201d treats the human mind as non-mechanical and non-computational. The \u201ccogito\u201d argument implies that for thought, there must also be a subject of that thought. While dualism seems to grant permission for the brain in a jar by eliminating the body, it also contradicts the claim that AI can ever think because any thinking would lack a subject of that thinking, and any intelligence would lack an intelligent being.<\/p>\n<p>Hubert Dreyfus explains how artificial intelligence inherited a \u201clemon\u201d philosophy.<sup><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"_ftnref22\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2022\/04\/08\/ai-brain-in-jar\/#_ftn22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup><span>\u00a0<\/span>The late professor of philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley, Dreyfus was influenced by phenomenology, which is the philosophy of conscious experience.<sup><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"_ftnref23\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2022\/04\/08\/ai-brain-in-jar\/#_ftn23\">[23]<\/a><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"_ftnref24\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2022\/04\/08\/ai-brain-in-jar\/#_ftn24\">[24]<\/a><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"_ftnref25\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2022\/04\/08\/ai-brain-in-jar\/#_ftn25\">[25]<\/a><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"_ftnref26\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2022\/04\/08\/ai-brain-in-jar\/#_ftn26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup><span>\u00a0<\/span>The irony, Dreyfus explains, is that philosophers came out against many of the philosophical frameworks used by artificial intelligence at its inception, including behaviorism, functionalism, and representationalism which all ignore embodiment.<sup><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"_ftnref27\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2022\/04\/08\/ai-brain-in-jar\/#_ftn27\">[27]<\/a><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"_ftnref28\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2022\/04\/08\/ai-brain-in-jar\/#_ftn28\">[28]<\/a><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"_ftnref29\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2022\/04\/08\/ai-brain-in-jar\/#_ftn29\">[29]<\/a><\/sup><span>\u00a0<\/span>These frameworks are contradictory and incompatible with the biological brain and natural intelligence.<\/p>\n<p>To be sure, the field of AI was born at an odd philosophical hour. This has largely inhibited progress to understand intelligence and what it means to be intelligent.<sup><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"_ftnref30\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2022\/04\/08\/ai-brain-in-jar\/#_ftn30\">[30]<\/a><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"_ftnref31\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2022\/04\/08\/ai-brain-in-jar\/#_ftn31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup><span>\u00a0<\/span>Of course, the accomplishments within the field over the past seventy years also show that the discipline is not doomed. The reason is that the philosophy adopted most frequently by friends of artificial intelligence is pragmatism.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"post-image post-mediaBleed aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-1384805 js-lazy\" alt=\"Dreyfus\" width=\"909\" height=\"567\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 909px) 100vw, 909px\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.23.51.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.23.51.png 691w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.23.51-280x175.png 280w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.23.51-216x135.png 216w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.23.51-433x270.png 433w\"\/><figcaption><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"#\" data-url=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Feditorial.thenextweb.com%2Fneural%2F2022%2F04%2F17%2Fhow-philosophy-of-mind-and-consciousness-has-affected-ai-research%2F&amp;via=thenextweb&amp;related=thenextweb&amp;text=Check out this picture on: Philosopher Hubert Dreyfus is renowned for his critical view on artificial intelligence.\" data-title=\"Share Philosopher Hubert Dreyfus is renowned for his critical view on artificial intelligence. on Twitter\" data-width=\"685\" data-height=\"500\" class=\"post-image-share popitup\" title=\"Share Philosopher Hubert Dreyfus is renowned for his critical view on artificial intelligence. on Twitter\"><i class=\"icon icon--inline icon--twitter--dark\"\/><\/a>Philosopher Hubert Dreyfus is renowned for his critical view on artificial intelligence.<\/figcaption><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-1384805\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.23.51.png\" alt=\"Dreyfus\" width=\"909\" height=\"567\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.23.51.png 691w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.23.51-280x175.png 280w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.23.51-216x135.png 216w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-15-at-16.23.51-433x270.png 433w\"\/><\/noscript><\/figure>\n<p>Pragmatism is not a philosophy of the mind. It is a philosophy that focuses on practical solutions to problems like computer vision and natural language processing. The field has found shortcuts to solve problems that we misinterpret as intelligence primarily driven by our human tendency to<span>\u00a0<\/span><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2019\/01\/02\/humanizing-ai-deep-learning-alphazero\/\">project human quality onto inanimate objects<\/a>. The failure of AI to understand, and ultimately solve intelligence, shows that metaphysics may be necessary for AI\u2019s supposed destiny. However, pragmatism shows that metaphysics is not necessary for real-world problem-solving.<\/p>\n<p>This strange line of inquiry shows that<span>\u00a0<\/span><em>real<\/em>\u00a0artificial intelligence could not be real unless the brain in a jar has legs, which spells doom for some arbitrary GitHub repository claiming artificial intelligence.<sup><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"_ftnref32\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/2022\/04\/08\/ai-brain-in-jar\/#_ftn32\">[32]<\/a><\/sup><span>\u00a0<\/span>It also spells doom for all businesses \u201cdoing AI\u201d because, aside from the metaphysical nature is an ethical question that would be hard, if not impossible, to accomplish without declaring your computer\u2019s power cord and mouse as parts of an intelligent being or animal experimentation required for attaching legs and arms to your computers.<\/p>\n<p><em>This article was originally written by Rich Heimann and published by Ben Dickson on<span>\u00a0<\/span><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/\">TechTalks<\/a>, a publication that examines trends in <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/technology\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"4\" title=\"Technology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">technology<\/a>, how they affect the way we live and do business, and the problems they solve. But we also discuss the evil side of technology, the darker implications of new tech, and what we need to look out for. You can read the original article<a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/bdtechtalks.com\/news\/artificial-intelligence-large-language-understanding\"><span>\u00a0here<\/span><\/a>.<\/em>\n                        <\/div>\n<p><script async src=\"\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">If you liked the article, do not forget to share it with your friends. Follow us on\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><a style=\"color: #ff0000;\" href=\"https:\/\/news.google.com\/publications\/CAAqBwgKMLG0nwswvr63Aw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Google News<\/a><\/span>\u00a0too, click on the star and choose us from your favorites.<\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">For forums sites go to <span style=\"color: #ff9900;\"><a style=\"color: #ff9900;\" href=\"https:\/\/forum.buradabiliyorum.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forum.BuradaBiliyorum.Com<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>If you want to read more like this article, you can visit our <span style=\"color: #ff9900;\"><a style=\"color: #ff9900;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.buradabiliyorum.com\/technology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Technology category.<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"color: black;\"><a style=\"color: #ff9900;\" href=\"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/news\/how-philosophy-of-mind-and-consciousness-has-affected-ai-research\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Source<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#8220;How the philosophy of mind and consciousness has affected AI research&#8221; The \u201cbrain in a jar\u201d is a thought experiment of a disembodied human brain living in a jar of sustenance. The thought experiment explores human conceptions of reality, mind, and consciousness. This article will explore a metaphysical argument against artificial intelligence on the grounds&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":433021,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/img-cdn.tnwcdn.com\/image\/neural?filter_last=1&fit=1280,640&url=https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2022\/04\/Untitled-design-85.jpg&signature=81d9cfbc39f092da4f847b2e254c5f73","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-433020","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-technology"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/433020","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=433020"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/433020\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/433021"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=433020"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=433020"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=433020"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}