{"id":497086,"date":"2022-09-30T00:11:26","date_gmt":"2022-09-29T21:11:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/en.buradabiliyorum.com\/a-long-awaited-solution-for-hard-to-abate-sectors\/"},"modified":"2022-09-30T00:11:26","modified_gmt":"2022-09-29T21:11:26","slug":"a-long-awaited-solution-for-hard-to-abate-sectors","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/a-long-awaited-solution-for-hard-to-abate-sectors\/","title":{"rendered":"#A long-awaited solution for hard-to-abate sectors?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_84 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a2c0b504e5a2\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #dd3333;color:#dd3333\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #dd3333;color:#dd3333\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a2c0b504e5a2\" checked aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/a-long-awaited-solution-for-hard-to-abate-sectors\/#%E2%80%9CA_long-awaited_solution_for_hard-to-abate_sectors%E2%80%9D\" >&#8220;A long-awaited solution for hard-to-abate sectors?&#8221;<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h1><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9CA_long-awaited_solution_for_hard-to-abate_sectors%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>&#8220;A long-awaited solution for hard-to-abate sectors?&#8221;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<div>\n<div class=\"article-gallery lightGallery\">\n<div data-thumb=\"https:\/\/scx1.b-cdn.net\/csz\/news\/tmb\/2022\/clean-hydrogen-a-long.jpg\" data-src=\"https:\/\/scx2.b-cdn.net\/gfx\/news\/hires\/2022\/clean-hydrogen-a-long.jpg\" data-sub-html=\"Carbon emissions of key countries and analytical mechanism for hydrogen in the energy system. a, China's carbon emissions in 2019 compared with the United States, Europe, Japan and India, by fuel. In 2019, coal combustion took the largest share of the carbon emissions in China (79.62%) and India (70.52%), and oil combustion contributed most to the carbon emissions in the United States (41.98%) and Europe (41.27%). b, China's carbon emissions in 2019 compared with the United States, Europe, Japan and India, by sector. Emissions are displayed on the left and proportion on the right in a and b. The proportion of carbon emissions from industry in China (28.10%) and India (24.75%) was much higher than that of the United States (9.26%) and Europe (13.91%) in 2019. c, Technical pathway with hydrogen technologies applied in the HTA sectors. SMR, steam methane reforming; PEM electrolysis, polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis; PEC process, photoelectrochemical process. Credit: &lt;i&gt;Nature Energy&lt;\/i&gt; (2022). DOI: 10.1038\/s41560-022-01114-6\">\n<figure class=\"article-img\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/scx1.b-cdn.net\/csz\/news\/800a\/2022\/clean-hydrogen-a-long.jpg\" alt=\"Clean hydrogen: A long-awaited solution for hard-to-abate sectors?\" title=\"Carbon emissions of key countries and analytical mechanism for hydrogen in the energy system. a, China's carbon emissions in 2019 compared with the United States, Europe, Japan and India, by fuel. In 2019, coal combustion took the largest share of the carbon emissions in China (79.62%) and India (70.52%), and oil combustion contributed most to the carbon emissions in the United States (41.98%) and Europe (41.27%). b, China's carbon emissions in 2019 compared with the United States, Europe, Japan and India, by sector. Emissions are displayed on the left and proportion on the right in a and b. The proportion of carbon emissions from industry in China (28.10%) and India (24.75%) was much higher than that of the United States (9.26%) and Europe (13.91%) in 2019. c, Technical pathway with hydrogen technologies applied in the HTA sectors. SMR, steam methane reforming; PEM electrolysis, polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis; PEC process, photoelectrochemical process. Credit: &lt;i&gt;Nature Energy&lt;\/i&gt; (2022). DOI: 10.1038\/s41560-022-01114-6\" width=\"800\" height=\"530\"\/><figcaption class=\"text-darken text-low-up text-truncate-js text-truncate mt-3\">\n                Carbon emissions of key countries and analytical mechanism for hydrogen in the energy system. a, China&#8217;s carbon emissions in 2019 compared with the United States, Europe, Japan and India, by fuel. In 2019, coal combustion took the largest share of the carbon emissions in China (79.62%) and India (70.52%), and oil combustion contributed most to the carbon emissions in the United States (41.98%) and Europe (41.27%). b, China&#8217;s carbon emissions in 2019 compared with the United States, Europe, Japan and India, by sector. Emissions are displayed on the left and proportion on the right in a and b. The proportion of carbon emissions from industry in China (28.10%) and India (24.75%) was much higher than that of the United States (9.26%) and Europe (13.91%) in 2019. c, Technical pathway with hydrogen technologies <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/download-scripts-themes-apps\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"9\" title=\"Download Scripts &amp; Themes &amp; Apps\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">app<\/a>lied in the HTA sectors. SMR, steam methane reforming; PEM electrolysis, polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis; PEC process, photoelectrochemical process. Credit: <i>Nature Energy<\/i> (2022). DOI: 10.1038\/s41560-022-01114-6<br \/>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>One of the world&#8217;s biggest climate challenges is decarbonizing fossil energy uses that cannot be directly electrified using renewable power. Among so-called &#8220;hard-to-abate&#8221; (HTA) sectors are major industries that rely on fossil fuels, either for high-temperature energy or for chemical feedstocks. These include iron and steel, cement, chemicals, and building materials, together responsible for approximately 30% of the world&#8217;s annual CO<sub>2<\/sub> emissions.<\/p>\n<p>                                                                                Another HTA sector is heavy-duty transportation such as trucking and shipping, which is harder to electrify than passenger transport because it would require enormous batteries that add to vehicle weight and take a long time to charge. <\/p>\n<p>As countries examine pathways towards decarbonization, relatively wealthy ones like the U.S. and much of Europe are pursuing strategies focused on renewable power generation and electric vehicles. China faces significantly different challenges due to a distinctive carbon emission profile resulting from the much larger roles that HTA heavy industries play in its economy. <\/p>\n<p>New research published in <i>Nature Energy<\/i> examines how China\u2014by far the largest producer of iron, steel, cement, and building materials\u2014can potentially utilize clean hydrogen (&#8220;green&#8221; and &#8220;blue&#8221; hydrogen) to decarbonize HTA sectors, and aid in achieving its 2030 and 2060 decarbonization pledges. Green hydrogen is made by splitting water molecules\u2014H<sub>2<\/sub>O\u2014using renewable electricity, while blue hydrogen is produced conventionally, from fossil fuels, but combined with carbon capture and storage. <\/p>\n<p>The new paper from the Harvard-China Project on Energy, Economy and Environment, a U.S.-China collaborative research program based at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/sciencee\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"5\" title=\"Science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science<\/a>s, is the first study to date that uses an integrated modeling approach to evaluate the potential use of clean hydrogen across China&#8217;s energy system and economy, in order to meet its 2060 net-zero target. <\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Filling this research gap will help draw a clearer roadmap for China&#8217;s CO<sub>2<\/sub> emission reductions,&#8221; explains lead author of the paper Xi Yang, a researcher at the Harvard-China Project. &#8220;Our goal with this study was to envision a role for clean hydrogen in China&#8217;s energy economy, which can then provide a reference for other developing economies with large heavy industrial and transportation sectors.&#8221;<br \/>\n                                            <!-- Google middle Adsense block --><\/p>\n<p>The study evaluated three questions: What are the key challenges of decarbonizing HTA sectors? What are the prospective roles for clean hydrogen as both an energy carrier and feedstock in HTA sectors? And would widespread application of clean hydrogen in HTA sectors be cost-effective compared to other options?<\/p>\n<p>To analyze the cost-effectiveness and role of clean hydrogen across China&#8217;s entire economy\u2014with an emphasis on the under-researched HTA sectors\u2014the team built a model of an integrated energy system that includes supply and demand across sectors. Results show that a widespread application of clean hydrogen in HTA sectors can help China achieve carbon neutrality cost-effectively compared to a scenario without clean hydrogen production and use. Clean hydrogen can save $1.72 trillion in investment costs and avoid a 0.13% loss in the aggregate GDP (2020-2060) compared to a pathway without it. <\/p>\n<p>The researchers also examined the type of clean hydrogen\u2014green or blue\u2014that would be most cost effective. Their study indicates that the average cost of China&#8217;s green hydrogen can be reduced to $2\/kg of hydrogen by 2037 and $1.2\/kg by 2050, when it will be much more cost-effective than blue hydrogen ($1.9\/kg).<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;China has rich untapped resources of solar and wind energy, both onshore and offshore,&#8221; explains Chris P. Nielsen, co-author of the paper and Executive Director of the Harvard-China Project. &#8220;These resources give China advantages towards developing green hydrogen for use in its industrial and transportation sectors.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>And while decarbonizing such hard-to-abate sectors is critical to climate action, it may have additional benefits. New markets for green hydrogen could also help the power system transition to renewable sources. Nielsen explains that green hydrogen production would do this by providing a comparatively flexible form of electricity demand that need not be met instantaneously, like most electricity loads. Instead it can often be scheduled, at least within short time frames. Such demand flexibility is valuable to grid managers, helping them to accommodate the inherent variability of renewable power sources as they are affected by changing meteorological conditions.\n                                                                                                                        <\/p>\n<hr\/>\n<div class=\"article-main__explore my-4 d-print-none\">\n<p>                                            Green hydrogen from expanded wind power in China: Reducing costs of deep decarbonization\n                                        <\/p><\/div>\n<hr class=\"mb-4\"\/>\n<div class=\"article-main__more p-4\">\n                                                                                                <strong>More information:<\/strong><br \/>\n                                                Xi Yang et al, Breaking the hard-to-abate bottleneck in China&#8217;s path to carbon neutrality with clean hydrogen, <i>Nature Energy<\/i> (2022).  <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" data-doi=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038\/s41560-022-01114-6\">DOI: 10.1038\/s41560-022-01114-6<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"d-inline-block text-medium my-4\">\n                                                Provided by<br \/>\n                                                                                                    Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences<br \/>\n                                                                                                        <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"icon_open\" href=\"https:\/\/www.seas.harvard.edu\"><br \/>\n                                                        <svg>\n                                                            <use href=\"https:\/\/techx.b-cdn.net\/tmpl\/v2\/img\/svg\/sprite.svg#icon_open\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\"\/>\n                                                        <\/svg><br \/>\n                                                    <\/a><\/p><\/div>\n<p>                                        <!-- print only --><\/p>\n<div class=\"d-none d-print-block\">\n<p>                                                 <strong>Citation<\/strong>:<br \/>\n                                                 Clean hydrogen: A long-awaited solution for hard-to-abate sectors? (2022, September 29)<br \/>\n                                                 retrieved 29 September 2022<br \/>\n                                                 from https:\/\/techxplore.com\/<a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/news\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"2\" title=\"News\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">news<\/a>\/2022-09-hydrogen-long-awaited-solution-hard-to-abate-sectors.html<\/p>\n<p>                                            This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no<br \/>\n                                            part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><script id=\"facebook-jssdk\" async=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/connect.facebook.net\/en_US\/sdk.js\"><\/script><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">If you liked the article, do not forget to share it with your friends. 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In 2019, coal combustion took the largest share of the carbon emissions in China (79.62%) and India (70.52%),&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":497087,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/scx2.b-cdn.net\/gfx\/news\/hires\/2022\/clean-hydrogen-a-long.jpg","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-497086","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sciencee"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/497086","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=497086"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/497086\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/497087"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=497086"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=497086"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=497086"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}