{"id":527132,"date":"2022-12-15T03:00:01","date_gmt":"2022-12-15T00:00:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/en.buradabiliyorum.com\/ancient-grammatical-puzzle-solved-after-2500-years\/"},"modified":"2022-12-15T03:00:01","modified_gmt":"2022-12-15T00:00:01","slug":"ancient-grammatical-puzzle-solved-after-2500-years","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/ancient-grammatical-puzzle-solved-after-2500-years\/","title":{"rendered":"#Ancient grammatical puzzle solved after 2,500 years"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_84 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a2c887febeea\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #dd3333;color:#dd3333\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #dd3333;color:#dd3333\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a2c887febeea\" checked aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/ancient-grammatical-puzzle-solved-after-2500-years\/#%E2%80%9CAncient_grammatical_puzzle_solved_after_2500_years%E2%80%9D\" >&#8220;Ancient grammatical puzzle solved after 2,500 years&#8221;<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h1><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9CAncient_grammatical_puzzle_solved_after_2500_years%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>&#8220;Ancient grammatical puzzle solved after 2,500 years&#8221;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<div>\n<div class=\"article-gallery lightGallery\">\n<div data-thumb=\"https:\/\/scx1.b-cdn.net\/csz\/news\/tmb\/2022\/ancient-grammatical-pu.jpg\" data-src=\"https:\/\/scx2.b-cdn.net\/gfx\/news\/hires\/2022\/ancient-grammatical-pu.jpg\" data-sub-html=\"A page from an 18th-century copy of the Dh\u0101tup\u0101\u1e6dha of P\u0101\u1e47ini (MS Add.2351) held by Cambridge University Library. Credit: Cambridge University Library\">\n<figure class=\"article-img\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/scx1.b-cdn.net\/csz\/news\/800a\/2022\/ancient-grammatical-pu.jpg\" alt=\"Ancient grammatical puzzle solved after 2,500 years\" title=\"A page from an 18th-century copy of the Dh\u0101tup\u0101\u1e6dha of P\u0101\u1e47ini (MS Add.2351) held by Cambridge University Library. Credit: Cambridge University Library\" width=\"800\" height=\"524\"\/><figcaption class=\"text-darken text-low-up text-truncate-js text-truncate mt-3\">\n                A page from an 18th-century copy of the Dh\u0101tup\u0101\u1e6dha of P\u0101\u1e47ini (MS Add.2351) held by Cambridge University Library. Credit: Cambridge University Library<br \/>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>A grammatical problem that has defeated Sanskrit scholars since the 5th century BC has finally been solved by an Indian Ph.D. student at the University of Cambridge. Rishi Rajpopat made the breakthrough by decoding a rule taught by &#8220;the father of linguistics,&#8221; P\u0101\u1e47ini.<\/p>\n<section class=\"article-banner first-banner ads-336x280\"><!-- \/4988204\/Phys_Story_InText_Box --><br \/>\n      <\/section>\n<p>The discovery makes it possible to &#8220;derive&#8221; any Sanskrit word\u2014to construct millions of grammatically correct words including &#8220;mantra&#8221; and &#8220;guru&#8221;\u2014using P\u0101\u1e47ini&#8217;s revered &#8220;language machine,&#8221; which is widely considered to be one of the great intellectual achievements in history.<\/p>\n<p>Leading Sanskrit experts have described Rajpopat&#8217;s discovery as &#8220;revolutionary&#8221; and it could now mean that P\u0101\u1e47ini&#8217;s grammar can be taught to computers for the first time.<\/p>\n<p>While researching his Ph.D. thesis, published today, Dr. Rajpopat decoded a 2,500 year old algorithm that makes it possible, for the first time, to accurately use P\u0101\u1e47ini&#8217;s &#8220;language machine.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>P\u0101\u1e47ini&#8217;s system\u20144,000 rules detailed in his greatest work, the A\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101dhy\u0101y\u012b, which is thought to have been written around 500 BC\u2014is meant to work like a machine: Feed in the base and suffix of a word and it should turn them into grammatically correct words and sentences through a step-by-step process.<\/p>\n<p>Until now, however, there has been a big problem. Often, two or more of P\u0101\u1e47ini&#8217;s rules are simultaneously <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/download-scripts-themes-apps\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"9\" title=\"Download Scripts &amp; Themes &amp; Apps\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">app<\/a>licable at the same step, leaving scholars to agonize over which one to choose.<\/p>\n<p>Solving so-called &#8220;rule conflicts,&#8221; which affect millions of Sanskrit words including certain forms of &#8220;mantra&#8221; and &#8220;guru,&#8221; requires an algorithm. P\u0101\u1e47ini taught a metarule to help us decide which rule should be applied in the event of &#8220;rule conflict,&#8221; but for the last 2,500 years, scholars have misinterpreted this metarule, meaning that they often ended up with a grammatically incorrect result.<\/p>\n<p>In an attempt to fix this issue, many scholars laboriously developed hundreds of other metarules, but Dr. Rajpopat shows that these are not just incapable of solving the problem at hand\u2014they all produced too many exceptions\u2014but also completely unnecessary. Rajpopat shows that P\u0101\u1e47ini&#8217;s &#8220;language machine&#8221; is self-sufficient.<\/p>\n<p>Rajpopat said, &#8220;P\u0101\u1e47ini had an extraordinary mind and he built a machine unrivaled in human history. He didn&#8217;t expect us to add new ideas to his rules. The more we fiddle with P\u0101\u1e47ini&#8217;s grammar, the more it eludes us.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Traditionally, scholars have interpreted P\u0101\u1e47ini&#8217;s metarule as meaning that in the event of a conflict between two rules of equal strength, the rule that comes later in the grammar&#8217;s serial order wins.<\/p>\n<p>Rajpopat rejects this, arguing instead that P\u0101\u1e47ini meant that between rules applicable to the left and right sides of a word respectively, P\u0101\u1e47ini wanted us to choose the rule applicable to the right side. Employing this interpretation, Rajpopat found P\u0101\u1e47ini&#8217;s language machine produced grammatically correct words with almost no exceptions.<\/p>\n<p>Take &#8220;mantra&#8221; and &#8220;guru&#8221; as examples. In the sentence &#8220;Dev\u0101\u1e25 prasann\u0101\u1e25 mantrai\u1e25&#8221; (&#8220;The Gods [dev\u0101\u1e25] are pleased [prasann\u0101\u1e25] by the mantras [mantrai\u1e25]&#8221;) we encounter &#8220;rule conflict&#8221; when deriving mantrai\u1e25 &#8220;by the mantras.&#8221; The derivation starts with &#8220;mantra + bhis.&#8221; One rule is applicable to left part, &#8220;mantra&#8217;,&#8221; and the other to right part, &#8220;bhis.&#8221; We must pick the rule applicable to the right part, &#8220;bhis,&#8221; which gives us the correct form, &#8220;mantrai\u1e25.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>In the the sentence &#8220;J\u00f1\u0101na\u1e41 d\u012byate guru\u1e47\u0101&#8221; (&#8220;Knowledge [j\u00f1\u0101na\u1e41] is given [d\u012byate] by the guru [guru\u1e47\u0101]&#8221;) we encounter rule conflict when deriving guru\u1e47\u0101 &#8220;by the guru.&#8221; The derivation starts with &#8220;guru + \u0101.&#8221; One rule is applicable to left part, &#8220;guru&#8221; and the other to right part. &#8220;\u0101&#8221;. We must pick the rule applicable to the right part, &#8220;\u0101,&#8221; which gives us the correct form, &#8220;guru\u1e47\u0101.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><b>Eureka moment<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Six months before Rajpopat made his discovery, his supervisor at Cambridge, Vincenzo Vergiani, Professor of Sanskrit, gave him some prescient advice: &#8220;If the solution is complicated, you are probably wrong.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Rajpopat said, &#8220;I had a eureka moment in Cambridge. After 9 months trying to crack this problem, I was almost ready to quit, I was getting nowhere. So I closed the books for a month and just enjoyed the summer, swimming, cycling, cooking, praying and meditating. Then, begrudgingly I went back to work, and within minutes, as I turned the pages, these patterns starting emerging, and it all started to make sense. There was a lot more work to do but I&#8217;d found the biggest part of the puzzle.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Over the next few weeks I was so excited, I couldn&#8217;t sleep and would spend hours in the library, including in the middle of the night to check what I&#8217;d found and solve related problems. That work took another two and half years.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><b>Significance<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Professor Vincenzo Vergiani said, &#8220;My student Rishi has cracked it\u2014he has found an extraordinarily elegant solution to a problem which has perplexed scholars for centuries. This discovery will revolutionize the study of Sanskrit at a time when interest in the language is on the rise.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Sanskrit is an ancient and classical Indo-European language from South Asia. It is the sacred language of Hinduism, but also the medium through which much of India&#8217;s greatest <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/sciencee\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"5\" title=\"Science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">science<\/a>, philosophy, poetry and other secular literature have been communicated for centuries. While only spoken in India by an estimated 25,000 people today, Sanskrit has growing political significance in India, and has influenced many other languages and cultures around the world.<\/p>\n<p>Rajpopat said, &#8220;Some of the most ancient wisdom of India has been produced in Sanskrit and we still don&#8217;t fully understand what our ancestors achieved. We&#8217;ve often been led to believe that we&#8217;re not important, that we haven&#8217;t brought enough to the table. I hope this discovery will infuse students in India with confidence, pride, and hope that they too can achieve great things.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>A major implication of Dr. Rajpopat&#8217;s discovery is that now that we have the algorithm that runs P\u0101\u1e47ini&#8217;s grammar, we could potentially teach this grammar to computers.<\/p>\n<p>Rajpopat said, &#8220;Computer scientists working on natural language processing gave up on rule-based approaches over 50 years ago&#8230; So teaching computers how to combine the speaker&#8217;s intention with P\u0101\u1e47ini&#8217;s rule-based grammar to produce human speech would be a major milestone in the history of human interaction with machines, as well as in India&#8217;s intellectual history.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>The research is published in the journal <i>Apollo\u2014University of Cambridge Repository<\/i>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"article-main__more p-4\">\n                                                                                        <strong>More information:<\/strong><br \/>\n                                                Rishi Rajpopat, In P\u0101\u1e47ini We Trust: Discovering the Algorithm for Rule Conflict Resolution in the A\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101dhy\u0101y\u012b, <i>Apollo\u2014University of Cambridge Repository<\/i> (2022).  <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" data-doi=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17863\/cam.80099\">DOI: 10.17863\/cam.80099<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"d-inline-block text-medium mt-4\">\n<p>\n                                                    Provided by<br \/>\n                                                                                                            University of Cambridge<br \/>\n                                                                                                                <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"icon_open\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cam.ac.uk\/\"><br \/>\n                                                            <svg><use href=\"https:\/\/phys.b-cdn.net\/tmpl\/v6\/img\/svg\/sprite.svg#icon_open\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n<p>                                        <!-- print only --><\/p>\n<div class=\"d-none d-print-block\">\n<p>                                                <strong>Citation<\/strong>:<br \/>\n                                                Ancient grammatical puzzle solved after 2,500 years (2022, December 14)<br \/>\n                                                retrieved 14 December 2022<br \/>\n                                                from https:\/\/phys.org\/<a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/news\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"2\" title=\"News\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">news<\/a>\/2022-12-ancient-grammatical-puzzle-years.html<\/p>\n<p>                                             This document is subject to copyright. 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Credit: Cambridge University Library A grammatical problem that has defeated Sanskrit scholars since the 5th century BC has finally been solved by an Indian Ph.D. student at the University of&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":527133,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/scx2.b-cdn.net\/gfx\/news\/hires\/2022\/ancient-grammatical-pu.jpg","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-527132","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sciencee"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/527132","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=527132"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/527132\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/527133"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=527132"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=527132"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=527132"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}