{"id":545083,"date":"2023-01-27T21:05:04","date_gmt":"2023-01-27T18:05:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/en.buradabiliyorum.com\/artificial-intelligence-in-south-africa-comes-with-special-dilemmas-plus-the-usual-risks\/"},"modified":"2023-01-27T21:05:04","modified_gmt":"2023-01-27T18:05:04","slug":"artificial-intelligence-in-south-africa-comes-with-special-dilemmas-plus-the-usual-risks","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/artificial-intelligence-in-south-africa-comes-with-special-dilemmas-plus-the-usual-risks\/","title":{"rendered":"#Artificial intelligence in South Africa comes with special dilemmas\u2014plus the usual risks"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a3c8097ee79e\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #dd3333;color:#dd3333\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #dd3333;color:#dd3333\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a3c8097ee79e\" checked aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/artificial-intelligence-in-south-africa-comes-with-special-dilemmas-plus-the-usual-risks\/#%E2%80%9CArtificial_intelligence_in_South_Africa_comes_with_special_dilemmas%E2%80%94plus_the_usual_risks%E2%80%9D\" >&#8220;Artificial intelligence in South Africa comes with special dilemmas\u2014plus the usual risks&#8221;<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/artificial-intelligence-in-south-africa-comes-with-special-dilemmas-plus-the-usual-risks\/#Universal_themes\" >Universal themes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/artificial-intelligence-in-south-africa-comes-with-special-dilemmas-plus-the-usual-risks\/#South_African_concerns\" >South African concerns<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/artificial-intelligence-in-south-africa-comes-with-special-dilemmas-plus-the-usual-risks\/#Moving_forward\" >Moving forward<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h1><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9CArtificial_intelligence_in_South_Africa_comes_with_special_dilemmas%E2%80%94plus_the_usual_risks%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>&#8220;Artificial intelligence in South Africa comes with special dilemmas\u2014plus the usual risks&#8221;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<div>\n<div class=\"article-gallery lightGallery\">\n<div data-thumb=\"https:\/\/scx1.b-cdn.net\/csz\/news\/tmb\/2023\/artificial-intelligenc-9.jpg\" data-src=\"https:\/\/scx2.b-cdn.net\/gfx\/news\/2023\/artificial-intelligenc-9.jpg\" data-sub-html=\"Credit: 3rdtimeluckystudio\/Shutterstock\">\n<figure class=\"article-img\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/scx1.b-cdn.net\/csz\/news\/800a\/2023\/artificial-intelligenc-9.jpg\" alt=\"Artificial intelligence in South Africa comes with special dilemmas\u2014plus the usual risks\" title=\"Credit: 3rdtimeluckystudio\/Shutterstock\" width=\"800\" height=\"391\"\/><figcaption class=\"text-darken text-low-up text-truncate-js text-truncate mt-3\">\n                Credit: 3rdtimeluckystudio\/Shutterstock<br \/>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>When people think about artificial intelligence (AI), they may have visions of the future. But AI is already here. At its base, it is the recreation of aspects of human intelligence in computerized form. Like human intelligence, it has wide <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/download-scripts-themes-apps\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"9\" title=\"Download Scripts &amp; Themes &amp; Apps\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">app<\/a>lication.<\/p>\n<p>Voice-operated personal assistants like Siri, self-driving cars, and <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/openai.com\/blog\/chatgpt\/\">text<\/a> and image generators all use AI. It also curates our <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/social-mediaa\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"1\" title=\"Social Media\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">social media<\/a> feeds. It helps companies to detect <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/researchberg.com\/index.php\/rrst\/article\/view\/37\">fraud<\/a> and <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s43681-022-00166-4\">hire employees<\/a>. It&#8217;s used to manage <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0959652621041251\">livestock<\/a>, <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/edis.ifas.ufl.edu\/publication\/AE571\">enhance crop yields<\/a> and <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-030-40850-3_2\">aid medical diagnoses<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Alongside its growing power and <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-14108-y\">its potential<\/a>, AI raises <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10551-022-05060-x\">moral and ethical questions<\/a>. The <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/technology\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"4\" title=\"Technology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">technology<\/a> has already been at the center of <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/cambridge-analytica-facebook-influence-us-election\">multiple scandals<\/a>: the infringement of laws and rights, as well as <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.propublica.org\/article\/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing\">racial<\/a> and <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/ainowinstitute.org\/AI_Now_2018_Report.pdf\">gender<\/a> discrimination. In short, it comes with a litany of ethical risks and dilemmas.<\/p>\n<p>But what exactly are these risks? And how do they differ among countries? To find out, <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4240356\">I undertook<\/a> a thematic review of literature from wealthier countries to identify six high-level, universal ethical risk themes. I then interviewed experts involved in or associated with the AI industry in South Africa and assessed how their perceptions of AI risk differed from or resonated with those themes.<\/p>\n<p>The findings reflect marked similarities in AI risks between the global north and South Africa as an example of a global south nation. But there were some important differences. These reflect South Africa&#8217;s <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2022\/03\/09\/new-world-bank-report-assesses-sources-of-inequality-in-five-countries-in-southern-africa#:~:text=South%20Africa%2C%20the%20largest%20country,World%20Bank%27s%20global%20poverty%20database.\">unequal society<\/a> and the fact that it is on the periphery of AI development, utilization and regulation.<\/p>\n<p>Other developing countries that share similar features\u2014a vast <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/mg.co.za\/opinion\/2022-11-10-south-africa-must-bridge-digital-divide-to-best-benefit-from-4ir\/\">digital divide<\/a>, high <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/time.com\/6087699\/south-africa-wealth-gap-unchanged-since-apartheid\/\">inequality<\/a> and <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2022-11-29\/south-africa-jobless-rate-drops-to-third-highest-in-the-world?leadSource=uverify%20wall\">unemployment<\/a> and <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/WP\/Issues\/2019\/03\/01\/Struggling-to-Make-the-Grade-A-Review-of-the-Causes-and-Consequences-of-the-Weak-Outcomes-of-46644\">low quality<\/a> education\u2014likely have a similar risk profile to South Africa.<\/p>\n<p>Knowing what ethical risks may play out at a country level is important because it can help policymakers and organizations to adjust their risk management policies and practices accordingly.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Universal_themes\"><\/span>Universal themes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The six universal ethical risk themes I drew from reviewing global north literature were:\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><b>Accountability<\/b>: It is unclear who is accountable for the outputs of AI models and systems.\n<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><b>Bias<\/b>: Shortcomings of algorithms, data or both entrench bias.\n<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><b>Transparency<\/b>: AI systems operate as a &#8220;black box&#8221;. Developers and end users have a limited ability to understand or verify the output.\n<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><b>Autonomy<\/b>: Humans lose the power to make their own decisions.\n<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><b>Socio-economic risks<\/b>: AI may result in job losses and worsen inequality.\n<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><b>Maleficence<\/b>: It could be used by criminals, terrorists and repressive state machinery.\n<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Then I interviewed 16 experts involved in or associated with South Africa&#8217;s AI industry. They included academics, researchers, designers of AI-related products, and people who straddled the categories. For the most part, the six themes I&#8217;d already identified resonated with them.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"South_African_concerns\"><\/span>South African concerns<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>But the participants also identified five ethical risks that reflected South Africa&#8217;s country-level features. These were:\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><b>Foreign data and models<\/b>: Parachuting data and AI models in from elsewhere.\n<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><b>Data limitations<\/b>: Scarcity of data sets that represent, reflect local conditions.\n<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><b>Exacerbating inequality<\/b>: AI could deepen and entrench existing socio-economic inequalities.\n<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><b>Uninformed stakeholders<\/b>: Most of the public and policymakers have only a crude understanding of AI.\n<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><b>Absence of policy and regulation<\/b>: There are currently no specific legal requirements or overarching government positions on AI in South Africa.\n<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>What it all means<\/b><\/p>\n<p>So, what do these findings tell us?<\/p>\n<p>Firstly, the universal risks are mostly technical. They are linked to the features of AI and have technical solutions. For instance, bias can be <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44206-022-00017-z\">mitigated<\/a> by more accurate models and comprehensive data sets.<\/p>\n<p>Most of the South African-specific risks are more socio-technical, manifesting the country&#8217;s environment. An absence of policy and regulation, for example, is not an inherent feature of AI. It is a symptom of the country being on the periphery of technology development and related policy formulation.<\/p>\n<p>South African organizations and policymakers should therefore not just focus on technical solutions but also closely consider AI&#8217;s socio-economic dimensions.<\/p>\n<p>Secondly, the <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ipsos.com\/sites\/default\/files\/ct\/news\/documents\/2022-01\/Global-opinions-and-expectations-about-AI-2022.pdf\">low levels of awareness<\/a> among the population suggest there is little pressure on South African organizations to demonstrate a commitment to ethical AI. In contrast, organizations in the global north have to show cognisance of AI ethics, because their <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s43681-021-00068-x\">stakeholders<\/a> are more attuned to their rights vis-\u00e0-vis digital products and services.<\/p>\n<p>Finally, whereas the <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/uploads-ssl.webflow.com\/614b70a71b9f71c9c240c7a7\/62fbe1c37eff7d304f0803ac_Brussels_Effect_GovAI.pdf\">EU<\/a>, <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/news\/uk-sets-out-proposals-for-new-ai-rulebook-to-unleash-innovation-and-boost-public-trust-in-the-technology\">UK<\/a> and <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/ostp\/ai-bill-of-rights\/what-is-the-blueprint-for-an-ai-bill-of-rights\/\">US<\/a> have nascent rules and regulations around AI, South Africa has no regulation and <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/uir.unisa.ac.za\/bitstream\/handle\/10500\/28134\/thesis_jogi_aa.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y\">limited laws<\/a> relevant to AI.<\/p>\n<p>The South African government has also <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.orfonline.org\/research\/g20-ai-national-strategies-global-ambitions\/\">failed<\/a> to give much recognition to AI&#8217;s broader impact and ethical implications. This differs even from <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.orfonline.org\/research\/g20-ai-national-strategies-global-ambitions\/\">other emerging markets<\/a> such as Brazil, <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/ai.altadvisory.africa\/wp-content\/uploads\/AI-Governance-in-Africa-2022.pdf\">Egypt<\/a>, India and <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/ai.altadvisory.africa\/wp-content\/uploads\/AI-Governance-in-Africa-2022.pdf\">Mauritius<\/a>, which have national policies and strategies that encourage the responsible use of AI.\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Moving_forward\"><\/span>Moving forward<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>AI may, for now, seem far removed from South Africa&#8217;s prevailing socio-economic challenges. But it will become pervasive in the coming years. South African organizations and policymakers should proactively govern AI ethics risks.<\/p>\n<p>This starts with acknowledging that AI presents threats that are distinct from those in the global north, and that need to be managed. Governing boards should add AI ethics to their agendas, and policymakers and members of governing boards should become educated on the technology.<\/p>\n<p>Additionally, AI ethics risks should be added to corporate and government risk management strategies\u2014similar to <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd-ilibrary.org\/sites\/272d85c3-en\/index.html?itemId=\/content\/publication\/272d85c3-en\">climate change<\/a>, which received scant attention 15 or 20 years ago but now features prominently.<\/p>\n<p>Perhaps most importantly, the government should build on the recent <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.uj.ac.za\/news\/south-africas-new-national-artificial-intelligence-institute-can-help-transform-our-economy\/\">launch<\/a> of the Artificial Intelligence Institute of South Africa, and introduce a tailored national strategy and appropriate regulation to ensure the ethical use of AI.<\/p>\n<div class=\"d-inline-block text-medium my-4\">\n                                                Provided by<br \/>\n                                                                                                    The Conversation<br \/>\n                                                                                                        <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"icon_open\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\"><br \/>\n                                                        <svg><use href=\"https:\/\/techx.b-cdn.net\/tmpl\/v2\/img\/svg\/sprite.svg#icon_open\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"article-main__note mt-4\">\n                                                This article is republished from <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/artificial-intelligence-in-south-africa-comes-with-special-dilemmas-plus-the-usual-risks-194277\">original article<\/a>.<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/194277\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-advanced\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\"\/><\/p>\n<p>                                        <!-- print only --><\/p>\n<div class=\"d-none d-print-block\">\n<p>                                                <strong>Citation<\/strong>:<br \/>\n                                                Artificial intelligence in South Africa comes with special dilemmas\u2014plus the usual risks (2023, January 27)<br \/>\n                                                retrieved 29 January 2023<br \/>\n                                                from https:\/\/techxplore.com\/<a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/news\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"2\" title=\"News\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">news<\/a>\/2023-01-artificial-intelligence-south-africa-special.html<\/p>\n<p>                                            This document is subject to copyright. 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But AI is already here. At its base, it is the recreation of aspects of human intelligence in computerized form. Like human intelligence, it has wide application&#8230;.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":545084,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/scx2.b-cdn.net\/gfx\/news\/2023\/artificial-intelligenc-9.jpg","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-545083","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sciencee"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/545083","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=545083"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/545083\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/545084"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=545083"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=545083"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=545083"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}