{"id":566576,"date":"2023-03-19T17:30:01","date_gmt":"2023-03-19T14:30:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/en.buradabiliyorum.com\/proof-of-active-volcanoes-at-last\/"},"modified":"2023-03-19T17:30:01","modified_gmt":"2023-03-19T14:30:01","slug":"proof-of-active-volcanoes-at-last","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/proof-of-active-volcanoes-at-last\/","title":{"rendered":"#Proof of active volcanoes\u2014at last"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a32564f0b530\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #dd3333;color:#dd3333\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #dd3333;color:#dd3333\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a32564f0b530\" checked aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/proof-of-active-volcanoes-at-last\/#%E2%80%9CProof_of_active_volcanoes%E2%80%94at_last%E2%80%9D\" >&#8220;Proof of active volcanoes\u2014at last&#8221;<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/proof-of-active-volcanoes-at-last\/#Future_missions\" >Future missions<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h1><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9CProof_of_active_volcanoes%E2%80%94at_last%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>&#8220;Proof of active volcanoes\u2014at last&#8221;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<div>\n<div class=\"article-gallery lightGallery\">\n<div data-thumb=\"https:\/\/scx1.b-cdn.net\/csz\/news\/tmb\/2023\/venus-proof-of-active.jpg\" data-src=\"https:\/\/scx2.b-cdn.net\/gfx\/news\/hires\/2023\/venus-proof-of-active.jpg\" data-sub-html=\"A perspective view across Maat Mons on Venus, based on Magellan radar data. Credit: &lt;a class=&quot;source&quot; href=&quot;https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/images\/pia00106-venus-3-d-perspective-view-of-maat-mons&quot;&gt;NASA\/JPL&lt;\/a&gt;\">\n<figure class=\"article-img\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/scx1.b-cdn.net\/csz\/news\/800a\/2023\/venus-proof-of-active.jpg\" alt=\"Venus: proof of active volcanoes\u2014at last\" title=\"A perspective view across Maat Mons on Venus, based on Magellan radar data. Credit:  NASA\/JPL \" width=\"800\" height=\"394\"\/><figcaption class=\"text-darken text-low-up text-truncate-js text-truncate mt-3\">\n                A perspective view across Maat Mons on Venus, based on Magellan radar data. Credit: <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/images\/pia00106-venus-3-d-perspective-view-of-maat-mons\">NASA\/JPL<\/a><br \/>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Venus is almost the same size, mass and density as Earth. So it should be generating heat in its interior (by the decay of radioactive elements) at much the same rate as the Earth does. On Earth, one of the main ways in which this heat leaks out is via volcanic eruptions. During an average year, at least 50 volcanoes erupt.<\/p>\n<section class=\"article-banner first-banner ads-336x280\"><!-- \/4988204\/Phys_Story_InText_Box --><br \/>\n      <\/section>\n<p>But despite decades of looking, we&#8217;ve not seen clear signs of volcanic eruptions on Venus\u2014until now. A new study by geophysicist <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/uaf.edu\/experts\/robert-herrick.php\">Robert Herrick<\/a> of the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, which he reported this week at the Lunar &amp; Planetary <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/sciencee\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"5\" title=\"Science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science<\/a> Conference in Houston and <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.abm7735\">published in the journal <i>Science<\/i><\/a>, has at last caught one of the planet&#8217;s volcanoes in the act.<\/p>\n<p>It&#8217;s not straightforward to study Venus&#8217;s surface because it has a dense atmosphere including an unbroken cloud layer at a height of 45-65km that is opaque to most wavelengths of radiation, including visible light. The only way to get a detailed view of the ground from above the clouds is by radar directed downward from an orbiting spacecraft.<\/p>\n<p>A technique known as aperture synthesis is used to build up an image of the surface. This combines the varying strength of the radar echos bounced back from the ground\u2014including the time delay between transmission and receipt, plus slight shifts in frequency corresponding to whether the spacecraft is getting closer to or further from the origin of a particular echo. The resulting image looks rather like a black and white photograph, except that the brighter areas usually correspond to rougher surfaces and the darker areas to smoother surfaces.\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"article-gallery lightGallery\">\n<div data-thumb=\"https:\/\/scx1.b-cdn.net\/csz\/news\/tmb\/2023\/venus-proof-of-active-1.jpg\" data-src=\"https:\/\/scx2.b-cdn.net\/gfx\/news\/2023\/venus-proof-of-active-1.jpg\" data-sub-html=\"Venus seen in ultraviolet light by Japan\u2019s Akatsuki spacecraft in December 2016. The surface cannot be seen. Credit: ISAS\/JAXA\">\n<figure class=\"article-img text-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/scx1.b-cdn.net\/csz\/news\/800a\/2023\/venus-proof-of-active-1.jpg\" alt=\"Venus: proof of active volcanoes\u2014at last\" title=\"Venus seen in ultraviolet light by Japan\u2019s Akatsuki spacecraft in December 2016. The surface cannot be seen. Credit: ISAS\/JAXA\"\/><figcaption class=\"text-left text-darken text-truncate text-low-up mt-3\">\n                Venus seen in ultraviolet light by Japan\u2019s Akatsuki spacecraft in December 2016. The surface cannot be seen. Credit: ISAS\/JAXA<br \/>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>NASA&#8217;s Magellan probe orbited Venus from August 1990 to October 1994 and used this sort of radar technique to map the planet&#8217;s surface with a spatial resolution of about a hundred meters at best. It showed that over 80% of the surface is covered by lava flows, but just how recently the youngest of them were erupted, and whether any eruptions continue today, remained a mystery for the next three decades.<\/p>\n<p>There have been <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/astronomynow.com\/2016\/10\/19\/recently-active-lava-flows-from-volcano-idunn-mons-on-venus\/\">various hints of activity<\/a> provided by spacecraft peering into, and sometimes through, the clouds\u2014suggesting that the rocks there are so young that their minerals have not yet been altered by reaction with the acidic atmosphere and so are freshly erupted lava. <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/eos.org\/research-spotlights\/evidence-for-volcanoes-on-venus\">Thermal anomalies<\/a> that could correspond to active lava flows have also been detected, as have temporary local hiccups in the <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lpi.usra.edu\/planetary_news\/2022\/01\/18\/estimates-of-eruption-frequency-suggest-ongoing-volcanic-activity-on-venus\/\">atmospheric sulfur dioxide concentration<\/a>\u2014another potential sign of volcanic eruptions. But none of these was fully convincing.<\/p>\n<p> <b>Volcanic vent spotted<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"article-gallery lightGallery\">\n<div data-thumb=\"https:\/\/scx1.b-cdn.net\/csz\/news\/tmb\/2023\/venus-proof-of-active-2.jpg\" data-src=\"https:\/\/scx2.b-cdn.net\/gfx\/news\/2023\/venus-proof-of-active-2.jpg\" data-sub-html=\"140 km wide Magellan radar image of Venus showing lava flows (bright because they are rough) that have begun to encroach on an older impact crater. Credit: NASA\/JPL\">\n<figure class=\"article-img text-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/scx1.b-cdn.net\/csz\/news\/800a\/2023\/venus-proof-of-active-2.jpg\" alt=\"Venus: proof of active volcanoes\u2014at last\" title=\"140 km wide Magellan radar image of Venus showing lava flows (bright because they are rough) that have begun to encroach on an older impact crater. Credit: NASA\/JPL\"\/><figcaption class=\"text-left text-darken text-truncate text-low-up mt-3\">\n                140 km wide Magellan radar image of Venus showing lava flows (bright because they are rough) that have begun to encroach on an older impact crater. Credit: NASA\/JPL<br \/>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The new study now seems to have settled the matter, by revealing changes on the surface that really have to be a result of volcanic activity. The authors spent hundreds of hours comparing Magellan radar images of parts of Venus that had been imaged more than once to look for new or changed features on the surface.<\/p>\n<p>They concentrated on the most promising volcanic regions, and eventually spotted an example where details on an image recorded in October 1991 are different to those on an image from February of the same year. The changes they saw are best explained by a volcanic eruption within that time window.<\/p>\n<p>Using radar images to verify surface changes is tricky because the <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/download-scripts-themes-apps\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"9\" title=\"Download Scripts &amp; Themes &amp; Apps\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">app<\/a>earance of even an unchanging surface can differ according to surface slopes and direction of view. However, the researchers performed simulations to verify that the observed changes could not result from these things.\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"article-gallery lightGallery\">\n<div data-thumb=\"https:\/\/scx1.b-cdn.net\/csz\/news\/tmb\/2023\/venus-proof-of-active-3.jpg\" data-src=\"https:\/\/scx2.b-cdn.net\/gfx\/news\/2023\/venus-proof-of-active-3.jpg\" data-sub-html=\"Close-ups of the active volcanic vent north of the summit of Maat Mons in February and October 1991. Between those dates the vent enlarged and changed shape, and new lava flows seem to emerged. Credit: NASA\/JPL\">\n<figure class=\"article-img text-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/scx1.b-cdn.net\/csz\/news\/800a\/2023\/venus-proof-of-active-3.jpg\" alt=\"Venus: proof of active volcanoes\u2014at last\" title=\"Close-ups of the active volcanic vent north of the summit of Maat Mons in February and October 1991. Between those dates the vent enlarged and changed shape, and new lava flows seem to emerged. Credit: NASA\/JPL\"\/><figcaption class=\"text-left text-darken text-truncate text-low-up mt-3\">\n                Close-ups of the active volcanic vent north of the summit of Maat Mons in February and October 1991. Between those dates the vent enlarged and changed shape, and new lava flows seem to emerged. Credit: NASA\/JPL<br \/>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The paired images show an initially near circular volcanic crater about 1.5km across that between February and October doubled in size by extending eastwards. It also became shallower, and the authors suggest that the crater is a volcanic vent that partially collapsed and was largely filled by fresh lava during October.<\/p>\n<p>There are probably also new lava flows extending several kilometers down slope, northwards of the crater, which either flooded over the crater rim or leaked out of an associated fissure. The active crater sits high on Maat Mons, one of Venus&#8217;s largest volcanoes whose summit is 5km above the surrounding plains.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Future_missions\"><\/span>Future missions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Most planetary scientists already expected Venus to be volcanically active. The focus of attention will now surely turn to how often, and at how many sites, are eruptions occurring on Venus. The biggest surprise in all this is that it took so long for someone to find the evidence for surface changes that had been lurking in the Magellan data for 30 years.\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"article-gallery lightGallery\">\n<div data-thumb=\"https:\/\/scx1.b-cdn.net\/csz\/news\/tmb\/2023\/venus-proof-of-active-4.jpg\" data-src=\"https:\/\/scx2.b-cdn.net\/gfx\/news\/2023\/venus-proof-of-active-4.jpg\" data-sub-html=\"Maat Mons. The arrow points to the location of the volcanic vent that erupted in 1991, which is too small to show up at this scale. Credit: NASA\/JPL\">\n<figure class=\"article-img text-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/scx1.b-cdn.net\/csz\/news\/800a\/2023\/venus-proof-of-active-4.jpg\" alt=\"Venus: proof of active volcanoes\u2014at last\" title=\"Maat Mons. The arrow points to the location of the volcanic vent that erupted in 1991, which is too small to show up at this scale. Credit: NASA\/JPL\"\/><figcaption class=\"text-left text-darken text-truncate text-low-up mt-3\">\n                Maat Mons. The arrow points to the location of the volcanic vent that erupted in 1991, which is too small to show up at this scale. Credit: NASA\/JPL<br \/>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The likelihood of finding and studying ongoing volcanism is one of the main drivers for NASA&#8217;s <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/press-release\/nasa-selects-2-missions-to-study-lost-habitable-world-of-venus\">Veritas<\/a> mission and Esa&#8217;s <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/Science_Exploration\/Space_Science\/ESA_selects_revolutionary_Venus_mission_EnVision\">EnVision<\/a> mission (both approved in 2021). Each will carry a better imaging radar than Magellan. EnVision is intended to reach its orbit about Venus in 2034. Originally Veritas should have been there several years beforehand, but there have been <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/delayed-nasa-venus-mission-looks-for-a-reprieve\/\">delays to the schedule<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>With NASA&#8217;s <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/ssed.gsfc.nasa.gov\/davinci\/mission\">DaVinci<\/a> mission likely to arrive year or two ahead of them, providing optical images from below the clouds during its descent, we are in for an exciting time about ten years from now.<\/p>\n<div class=\"d-inline-block text-medium mt-4\">\n<p>                                                    Provided by<br \/>\n                                                                                                            The Conversation<br \/>\n                                                                                                                <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"icon_open\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\"><br \/>\n                                                            <svg><use href=\"https:\/\/phys.b-cdn.net\/tmpl\/v6\/img\/svg\/sprite.svg#icon_open\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"article-main__note mt-4\">\n                                                  This article is republished from <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/venus-proof-of-active-volcanoes-at-last-201931\">original article<\/a>.<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/201931\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-advanced\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\"\/><\/p>\n<p>                                        <!-- print only --><\/p>\n<div class=\"d-none d-print-block\">\n<p>                                                <strong>Citation<\/strong>:<br \/>\n                                                Venus: Proof of active volcanoes\u2014at last (2023, March 19)<br \/>\n                                                retrieved 19 March 2023<br \/>\n                                                from https:\/\/phys.org\/<a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/news\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"2\" title=\"News\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">news<\/a>\/2023-03-venus-proof-volcanoesat.html<\/p>\n<p>                                             This document is subject to copyright. 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Credit: NASA\/JPL Venus is almost the same size, mass and density as Earth. So it should be generating heat in its interior (by the decay of radioactive elements) at much the same rate as the Earth does&#8230;.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":566577,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/scx2.b-cdn.net\/gfx\/news\/hires\/2023\/venus-proof-of-active.jpg","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-566576","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sciencee"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/566576","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=566576"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/566576\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/566577"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=566576"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=566576"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=566576"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}