{"id":567110,"date":"2023-03-23T23:11:03","date_gmt":"2023-03-23T20:11:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/en.buradabiliyorum.com\/the-myriad-mechanisms-of-taste-perception\/"},"modified":"2023-03-23T23:11:03","modified_gmt":"2023-03-23T20:11:03","slug":"the-myriad-mechanisms-of-taste-perception","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/the-myriad-mechanisms-of-taste-perception\/","title":{"rendered":"#The myriad mechanisms of taste perception"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_84 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a264ae9305c8\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #dd3333;color:#dd3333\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #dd3333;color:#dd3333\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a264ae9305c8\" checked aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/the-myriad-mechanisms-of-taste-perception\/#%E2%80%9CThe_myriad_mechanisms_of_taste_perception%E2%80%9D\" >&#8220;The myriad mechanisms of taste perception&#8221;<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h1><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9CThe_myriad_mechanisms_of_taste_perception%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>&#8220;The myriad mechanisms of taste perception&#8221;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<div>\n<div class=\"article-gallery lightGallery\">\n<div data-thumb=\"https:\/\/scx1.b-cdn.net\/csz\/news\/tmb\/2023\/how-salt-can-taste-swe.jpg\" data-src=\"https:\/\/scx2.b-cdn.net\/gfx\/news\/2023\/how-salt-can-taste-swe.jpg\" data-sub-html=\"Chloride ions play a significant role in taste perception by binding to the T1rs receptor. They influence the salt-taste sensation and may help in the maintainence of homeostasis and balancing of salt levels in our body. Credit: Atsuko Yamashita from Okayama University\">\n<figure class=\"article-img\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/scx1.b-cdn.net\/csz\/news\/800a\/2023\/how-salt-can-taste-swe.jpg\" alt=\"How salt can taste sweet: the myriad mechanisms of taste perception\" title=\"Chloride ions play a significant role in taste perception by binding to the T1rs receptor. They influence the salt-taste sensation and may help in the maintainence of homeostasis and balancing of salt levels in our body. Credit: Atsuko Yamashita from Okayama University\" width=\"800\" height=\"530\"\/><figcaption class=\"text-darken text-low-up text-truncate-js text-truncate mt-3\">\n                Chloride ions play a significant role in taste perception by binding to the T1rs receptor. They influence the salt-taste sensation and may help in the maintainence of homeostasis and balancing of salt levels in our body. Credit: Atsuko Yamashita from Okayama University<br \/>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Humans perceive five basic taste sensations: sweet, umami, bitter, salty, and sour. Specific foods trigger taste recognition of these sensations through the activation of different receptors in our taste buds. In the case of table salt, the concentration is also an important factor in determining taste.<\/p>\n<section class=\"article-banner first-banner ads-336x280\"><!-- \/4988204\/Phys_Story_InText_Box --><br \/>\n      <\/section>\n<p>For instance, the preferable concentration of table salt is 100 mM, at which humans perceive a salty taste. However, higher concentrations of salt, over 500 mM, may be perceived as bitter and\/or sour, while very low concentrations, below 10 mM, are perceived as sweet by humans. Scientific studies have proposed the presence of multiple salt detection pathways in the taste buds, but their exact mechanism is not fully understood.<\/p>\n<p>In the case of common salt (NaCl), salt taste sensation is primarily driven by the sodium ion, Na<sup>+<\/sup>. However, the anion (chloride ion Cl<sup>&#8211;<\/sup>) is also considered to be detected through unique molecular mechanisms and participate in the taste sensation. To investigate this chloride ion detection mechanism, scientists from Okayama University in Japan have conducted a study using structural biology methods and mice models. This study was published in <i>eLife<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>The scientists had previously analyzed the structure of a taste receptor from the Japanese rice fish (medaka fish), which is similar to the human sweet taste receptor and is also compatible for structural analysis. A part of this fish taste receptor could bind to a chloride ion.<\/p>\n<p>Prof. Atsuko Yamashita explains, &#8220;We had previously analyzed the structure of the T1r2a\/T1r3LBD receptor from medaka fish, which led us to the unexpected finding of the Cl<sup>&#8211;<\/sup> binding to T1r3LBD. In this study, we examined whether Cl<sup>&#8211;<\/sup> binding induces a conformational change of the receptor, and we were able to confirm the induction of this change by Cl<sup>&#8211;<\/sup>.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>The conformational change (or change in structure) in the T1r receptors was found to be similar to that induced by other taste substances, suggesting that Cl<sup>&#8211;<\/sup> does activate the sweet receptors on T1r2a\/ T1r3LBD. Since change in shape often indicates receptor activation, the scientists further explored the chloride ion activation of the sweet taste receptors (the T1r2\/T1r3 heterodimers), which respond to sugars, in this study.<\/p>\n<p>Prof. Yamashita explains &#8220;We wanted to further investigate this phenomenon using better established animal models. Since the Cl<sup>&#8211;<\/sup>-binding site in T1r3 was conserved across various species, we decided to use taste nerve recordings from mice to explore the physiological significance of Cl<sup>&#8211;<\/sup>.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>To provide evidence for this, they performed electrophysiological assays on mice, where they could demonstrate the activation of neurons involved in signaling of sweet taste when small amounts of chloride were placed on the mice&#8217;s tongues. Thus, they demonstrated that low concentrations of Cl<sup>&#8211;<\/sup> could potentially produce a &#8216;light&#8217; sweet taste sensation via the T1r in the taste buds.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;The Cl<sup>&#8211;<\/sup>-induced taste is similar to that induced by canonical taste substances for T1rs, such as amino acids or sugars, though its efficacy is slightly lower.&#8221; says Prof. Yamashita. Further, when offered a choice between dilute chloride solution and plain water, the mice recognized the taste of chloride solution and demonstrated a preference for it.<\/p>\n<p>The concentration of sodium chloride for inducing a sweet response was found to be minute, even less than 10 mM, and this sweet sensation could be suppressed by the external <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/download-scripts-themes-apps\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"9\" title=\"Download Scripts &amp; Themes &amp; Apps\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">app<\/a>lication of sweet taste inhibitors containing gurmarin. These findings support the hypothesis that mice identify chloride as sweet via the action of specific receptors and neurons. They also show that dilute table salt provides a taste stimulus due to the presence of the Cl<sup>&#8211;<\/sup> ions.<\/p>\n<p>Table salt is an important component in maintaining homeostasis or internal body equilibrium. This equilibrium is regulated by the optimum intake and excretion of sodium. This study shows that the former process uses the counter Cl<sup>&#8211;<\/sup> ion to regulate the molecular functions of the receptors involved. The results of this study will pave way for a more nuanced understanding of taste perception in organisms.<\/p>\n<div class=\"article-main__more p-4\">\n                                                                                        <strong>More information:<\/strong><br \/>\n                                                Nanako Atsumi et al, Chloride ions evoke taste sensations by binding to the extracellular ligand-binding domain of sweet\/umami taste receptors, <i>eLife<\/i> (2023).  <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" data-doi=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.84291\">DOI: 10.7554\/eLife.84291<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"mt-3\">\n<p>\n                                                    <strong>Journal information:<\/strong><br \/>\n                                                                                                            <cite>eLife<\/cite><br \/>\n                                                        <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"icon_open\" href=\"http:\/\/www.elifesciences.org\/\"><br \/>\n                                                            <svg><use href=\"https:\/\/phys.b-cdn.net\/tmpl\/v6\/img\/svg\/sprite.svg#icon_open\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\"\/><\/svg><\/a> <\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"d-inline-block text-medium mt-4\">\n<p>                                                    Provided by<br \/>\n                                                                                                            Okayama University<br \/>\n                                                                                                                <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"icon_open\" href=\"http:\/\/www.okayama-u.ac.jp\/index_e.html\"><br \/>\n                                                            <svg><use href=\"https:\/\/phys.b-cdn.net\/tmpl\/v6\/img\/svg\/sprite.svg#icon_open\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n<p>                                        <!-- print only --><\/p>\n<div class=\"d-none d-print-block\">\n<p>                                                <strong>Citation<\/strong>:<br \/>\n                                                How salt can taste sweet: The myriad mechanisms of taste perception (2023, March 23)<br \/>\n                                                retrieved 23 March 2023<br \/>\n                                                from https:\/\/phys.org\/<a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/news\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"2\" title=\"News\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">news<\/a>\/2023-03-salt-sweet-myriad-mechanisms-perception.html<\/p>\n<p>                                             This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no<br \/>\n                                             part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><script id=\"facebook-jssdk\" async=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/connect.facebook.net\/en_US\/sdk.js\"><\/script><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">If you liked the article, do not forget to share it with your friends. Follow us on\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><a style=\"color: #ff0000;\" href=\"https:\/\/news.google.com\/publications\/CAAqBwgKMLG0nwswvr63Aw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Google News<\/a><\/span>\u00a0too, click on the star and choose us from your favorites.<\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">For forums sites go to <span style=\"color: #ff9900;\"><a style=\"color: #ff9900;\" href=\"https:\/\/forum.buradabiliyorum.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forum.BuradaBiliyorum.Com<\/a><\/span><\/strong>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>If you want to read more Like this articles, you can visit our <span style=\"color: #ff9900;\"><a style=\"color: #ff9900;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.buradabiliyorum.com\/science\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science category.<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"color: black;\"><a style=\"color: #ff9900;\" href=\"https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2023-03-salt-sweet-myriad-mechanisms-perception.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Source<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#8220;The myriad mechanisms of taste perception&#8221; Chloride ions play a significant role in taste perception by binding to the T1rs receptor. They influence the salt-taste sensation and may help in the maintainence of homeostasis and balancing of salt levels in our body. Credit: Atsuko Yamashita from Okayama University Humans perceive five basic taste sensations: sweet,&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":567111,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/scx2.b-cdn.net\/gfx\/news\/2023\/how-salt-can-taste-swe.jpg","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-567110","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sciencee"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/567110","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=567110"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/567110\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/567111"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=567110"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=567110"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=567110"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}