{"id":571042,"date":"2023-04-20T16:30:00","date_gmt":"2023-04-20T13:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/en.buradabiliyorum.com\/heres-how-ethereums-zk-rollups-can-become-interoperable\/"},"modified":"2023-04-20T16:30:00","modified_gmt":"2023-04-20T13:30:00","slug":"heres-how-ethereums-zk-rollups-can-become-interoperable","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/heres-how-ethereums-zk-rollups-can-become-interoperable\/","title":{"rendered":"#Here\u2019s how Ethereum\u2019s ZK-rollups can become interoperable"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_84 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a2ebe62226bf\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #dd3333;color:#dd3333\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #dd3333;color:#dd3333\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a2ebe62226bf\" checked aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/heres-how-ethereums-zk-rollups-can-become-interoperable\/#Zero_knowledge_about_ZK-rollups\" >Zero knowledge about ZK-rollups?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/heres-how-ethereums-zk-rollups-can-become-interoperable\/#Ethereum_scaling_is_some_way_off\" >Ethereum scaling is some way off<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/heres-how-ethereums-zk-rollups-can-become-interoperable\/#Interoperable_ZK-rollups_are_possible_but_is_it_probable\" >Interoperable ZK-rollups are possible, but is it probable?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/heres-how-ethereums-zk-rollups-can-become-interoperable\/#Interoperability_is_not_composability\" >Interoperability is not composability<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/heres-how-ethereums-zk-rollups-can-become-interoperable\/#MetaMask_Snaps_might_help\" >MetaMask Snaps might help<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/heres-how-ethereums-zk-rollups-can-become-interoperable\/#ZK-rollups_and_composability\" >ZK-rollups and composability<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/heres-how-ethereums-zk-rollups-can-become-interoperable\/#Optimistic_about_the_Superchain\" >Optimistic about the Superchain<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/heres-how-ethereums-zk-rollups-can-become-interoperable\/#Why_connect_ZK-rollups_with_Optimism\" >Why connect ZK-rollups with Optimism?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/heres-how-ethereums-zk-rollups-can-become-interoperable\/#Polygon_ZK-rollups_will_be_interoperable\" >Polygon ZK-rollups will be interoperable<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/heres-how-ethereums-zk-rollups-can-become-interoperable\/#StarkEx_and_StarkNet\" >StarkEx and StarkNet<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/heres-how-ethereums-zk-rollups-can-become-interoperable\/#Perhaps_ZK-rollups_can_connect_direct\" >Perhaps ZK-rollups can connect direct<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p style=\"float:right;margin:0 0 10px 15px;width:240px\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cointelegraph.com\/magazine\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/magazine-Interoperable-ZK-rollup-ecosystem-scaled.jpg\" class=\"type:primaryImage\"><\/p>\n<pre><code>                Ethereum\u2019s ZK rollups are engaged in a cutthroat competition. But they\u2019ll need to join forces for Ethereum to win.\n                &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The past few weeks have seen a wave of zero-knowledge proof project launches, including Polygons zkEVM and Matter Labs zkSync Era on mainnet, and the Linea zkEVM from ConsenSys on testnet.&lt;\/strong&gt;\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>They join StarkWares long-running StarkEx solution and its decentralized cousin StarkNet along with a variety of other projects in development from Polygon (Miden, Zero, etc.) and Scroll.<\/p>\n<p>They all promise faster and cheaper transactions to scale Ethereum using zero-knowledge proofs.<\/p>\n<p>But is the brutal competition between ZK-rollups a zero-sum <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/game\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"7\" title=\"Game\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">game<\/a> where there can be only one winner? Or are we looking at a future in which lots of different rollups are able to work in harmony and interoperably?<\/p>\n<p>Anthony Rose, head of engineering for <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/zksync\">zkSync<\/a>, thinks the latter future is much more likely and predicts that one day, no one will think about which ZK-rollup they are on because itll all just be infrastructure.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>I think that if we dont get to that world, then weve probably failed, he says. Its the same way as somebody using Snapchat or <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/social-mediaa\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"1\" title=\"Social Media\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Facebook<\/a> doesnt really have to know about TCP\/IP or HTTP  its just the plumbing of the way the internet works.<\/p>\n<p>But how do we move from a bunch of competing sovereign rollups to an ecosystem of ZK solutions that are interoperable and composable?\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>People are already starting to think about this question, and all of the ZK projects Magazine spoke to have plans to make their projects interoperable with at least some other rollups  although the extent to which that can h<a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/download-scripts-themes-apps\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"9\" title=\"Download Scripts &amp; Themes &amp; Apps\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">app<\/a>en likely depends on the development of standards and protocols.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cointelegraph.com\/magazine\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Magazine-zkevm--1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Magazine zkevm\" class=\"wp-image-13919\" width=\"731\" height=\"411\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Attack of the zkEVMs! Cryptos 10x moment <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong><em>Also read: Attack of the zkEVMs! Cryptos 10x moment<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"h-zero-knowledge-about-zk-rollups\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Zero_knowledge_about_ZK-rollups\"><\/span><strong>Zero knowledge about ZK-rollups?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>If youre unfamiliar with the term zero-knowledge proofs  which StarkWare insists should be called validity proofs  theyre a way to scale Ethereum using cryptography. Rollups take the computation for tens of thousands of transactions off the main blockchain and write a tiny cryptographic proof back to Ethereum that proves the computation was carried out correctly.<\/p>\n<p>Every proof we generate covers roughly 20,000 transactions and fits inside a single block of Ethereum, explains StarkWare co-founder <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Y1L0CJmhQvc\">Eli Ben-Sasson<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Despite this increase in transactions per block, zkSyncs Rose doesnt think Ethereum can come close to scaling up to become the base layer for everything via a single rollup.<\/p>\n<p>A ZK-rollup on its own will not scale to the world that were talking about, Rose says. If we think that applications with some interactions on the blockchain are providing value to hundreds of millions of people, the scalability problem is still there to be solved.<\/p>\n<p>Scaling is a little like internet bandwidth, in that the more you get, the more you realize you need. Back in 2017, Ethereum planned to scale using Eth2 sharding. This roadmap was then ripped up after ZK-rollups emerged in 2018 and promised vastly greater scaling, but only if Ethereum upgraded the blockchain with a different form of sharding (proto danksharding and then danksharding) to enable the ZK-rollups to achieve higher throughput.<\/p>\n<p>Even then, Rose says its likely rollups will need to work in collaboration. This is a big active area of research for us, Rose says of interoperability. As the systems mature as well I think, naturally, this is kind of the pattern that these systems suggest.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ethereum_scaling_is_some_way_off\"><\/span><strong>Ethereum scaling is some way off<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Its the early days yet for scaling, however. Although various solutions claim they can theoretically hit tens of thousands of transactions per second (or even talk about unlimited scaling), in practice, theyre hamstrung by data availability on Ethereum.<\/p>\n<p>At present, between them, the various Ethereum scaling solutions and Ethereum are running at about 25 transactions per second (TPS). Ethereum itself has performed an average of about 12 TPS over the past month, Arbitrum One was at 7.2 TPS, Optimism at 2.65 TPS and zkSync at 1.6 TPS, according to <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/ethtps.info\/\">ETHTPS.info<\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>These numbers move around a bit and are low mostly due to demand rather than capacity. StarkEx is not covered, but StarkWare tells Magazine it averaged 5 TPS over the past month.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Despite supply outweighing demand so far, interoperability between rollups would already be helpful to ensure that users dont get stuck in walled gardens. Optimistic Rollup users, for example, have to wait a week to withdraw funds, which rather limits interoperability.<\/p>\n<p>ZK-rollups dont have that limitation and can allow instant withdrawals (but dont).<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cointelegraph.com\/magazine\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/magazine-Bobbin-Threadbare-1-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Bobbin Threadbare\" class=\"wp-image-18311\" width=\"713\" height=\"401\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">ZK-rollups are the endgame for scaling blockchains: Polygon Miden founder<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong><em>Also read: ZK-rollups are the endgame for scaling blockchains: Polygon Miden founder<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Interoperable_ZK-rollups_are_possible_but_is_it_probable\"><\/span><strong>Interoperable ZK-rollups are possible, but is it probable?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Bobbin Threadbare, founder of Polygon Miden, says interoperability between ZK-rollups is certainly technically possible, but whether it will happen in practice is a different question.<\/p>\n<p>He explains that withdrawals arent instant yet because its not financially viable to put proofs on Ethereum that frequently, so transactions are fired off roughly every 10 or 20 minutes. As demand and throughput go up, this delay will become quicker and quicker.<\/p>\n<p>And in that case, you get closer, closer and closer to this instant kind of movement between different places, he says.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>The second thing is that different rollups will have to have some kind of incentives to say, Okay, lets figure out how we can seamlessly move things from this to that.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Threadbare adds, Very fast interoperability between ZK-rollups is technically possible, but a) People need to agree on standards, and b) They need to actually implement these standards in their systems.<\/p>\n<p>And I think thats a much, much more complicated thing to do.<\/p>\n<div class=\"article-suggest\">\n<div class=\"article-suggest__title display3\">Read also<\/div>\n<div class=\"article-suggest__items\">\n<div class=\"article-suggest__item\">                                                    <span>Features<\/span>                            From Director of the United States Mint to the Very First Bitcoin IRA Customer<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"article-suggest__item\">                                                    <span>Features<\/span>                            <\/p>\n<p>Sexual Violence in India: Blockchains Role in Empowering Survivors<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Interoperability_is_not_composability\"><\/span><strong>Interoperability is not composability<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Theres a difference between interoperability and composability  although people often use them interchangeably.<\/p>\n<p>Interoperability is easier and basically involves being able to move funds from one layer-2 (L2) solution to another. By this definition, at least all of the rollups which share an L1 today already are interoperable! notes Optimism co-founder Ben Jones.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Arbitrum\u2019s Patrick McCorry also says that for basic interoperability, you can already send an asset from one rollup to another via Ethereum  its just slow.<\/p>\n<p>Or you could have some off-chain solution, maybe like Hop protocol, where theres someone in the middle who you give them the assets from StarkWare and then you take the assets to Scroll, and they provide some way to synchronize. So, theres ways to do that, he says.<\/p>\n<p>Hop Protocol currently allows users to send funds between Ethereum, Polygon, Gnosis, Optimism and Arbitrum, though ZK-rollups arent currently supported. Connext offers a similar service, including BNB. A cross-chain DEX and bridge aggregator called Rango already connects StarkNet to other L2s.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Also read: Ethereum is eating the world  You only need one in<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>ternet<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Declan Fox, product lead for the ConsenSys Linea zkEVM, expects support will be added soon. Many third-party bridge providers will continue to offer interoperability solutions for ZK-rollups, he says, adding that bridges have drawbacks around trust and fees.<\/p>\n<p>At Linea, we value open systems and interoperability highly. The Linea testnet has already integrated many of the leading bridging solutions for this reason. In the future, Linea will be able to trustlessly interoperate with any of the layer 3 off-chain systems deployed on top of the layer 2 through their validating bridges.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">6\/16) The case of two users exchanging value within an L1 is simple<\/p>\n<p>Simply scan the other user&#039;s QR code &amp; press send, as long as they are also using ETH<\/p>\n<p>In the case of L2s, this is not so simple, as the user now needs to know what L2 their friend is on &amp; how to bridge between<\/p>\n<p>\u2014 Justin Bons (@Justin_Bons) <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/Justin_Bons\/status\/1645467489701068811?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">April 10, 2023<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"MetaMask_Snaps_might_help\"><\/span><strong>MetaMask Snaps might help<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Another possibility for interoperability is via the browser wallet MetaMask. ConsenSys is in the midst of developing new crowdsourced wallet extensions called Snaps that projects can develop that extend the capabilities of MetaMask.<\/p>\n<p>MetaMask senior product manager Alex Jupiter says <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/metamask.io\/snaps\/\">Snaps <\/a>are still in the testing phase, but if we imagine a future where you know Snaps is stable, developers can extend it in all manner of ways. Of course, the next step is to get these different Snaps talking to each other. So, one ZK-rollup can talk to another ZK-rollup, right? And thats part of the vision of Snaps, and yeah, we want to make that world possible.<\/p>\n<p>One Snap that has been demoed already enables MetaMask users to control Bitcoin via their Ethereum wallet, so getting ZK-rollups talking to each other certainly seems achievable.<\/p>\n<p>Who knows where bridging is gonna go in the future as well. Im not an expert on ZK-rollups, but I dont think theres a core technical limitation of that being a problem in the future.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cointelegraph.com\/magazine\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Messari-slide-highlighting-composable-rollup-ecosystems-with-shared-infrastructure.png\" alt=\"Messari slide highlighting composable rollup ecosystems with shared infrastructure.\" class=\"wp-image-18548\" width=\"705\" height=\"392\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Messari slide highlighting composable rollup ecosystems with shared infrastructure.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ZK-rollups_and_composability\"><\/span><strong>ZK-rollups and composability <\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Composability is the ability to initiate a transaction that involves operations on more than one different rollup. Jones calls it a stronger form of interoperability where chains can do more than just communicate asynchronously with each other but actually have transactions, which are aware of the state of each chain in some more real-time manner (think cross-chain flash loans).<\/p>\n<p>This is likely to require the development of new standards and protocols, and Rose says that the sooner this happens the better.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>It is a strictly better user experience if teams can build through an interface, and we can attempt to have more standardization. I think there is appetite for some of this standardization as well, and I do think we will see more of it as these systems mature.<\/p>\n<p>Fox says that to get to a point where we have synchronous composability, there will need to be a globally sequenced and ordered set of transactions across the different off-chain systems. This is theoretically possible with ZK-rollups thanks to SNARKs [a type of ZK proof] where, for example, a common sequencer could offer a UX of unified execution and pooled liquidity, he says.<\/p>\n<p>Imagine making a DeFi trade where parts of the trade are executed on different chains for optimal liquidity all within the same transaction.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cointelegraph.com\/magazine\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Open-Source-and-Built-on-the-OP-Stack.png\" alt=\"Open Source and Built on the OP Stack\" class=\"wp-image-18549\" width=\"743\" height=\"334\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Base layer advertisement from Coinbase. (Coinbase)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Optimistic_about_the_Superchain\"><\/span><strong>Optimistic about the Superchain<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>One potential coordination method might be Optimisms Superchain concept, which it announced at the same time Coinbase unveiled its base layer-2 fork of Optimism.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Optimism is an Optimistic Rollup, which is another way to scale Ethereum, though more limited in potential throughput. According to the announcement:<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>The Superchain seeks to integrate otherwise siloed L2s into a single interoperable and composable system.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Jones tells Magazine, There is no silver bullet, but there are a couple of requirements for interoperability and composability the Superchain aims to address:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Shared Sequencing<\/strong>: To have a system where you can do a cross-chain flash loan, at the very least, at the time when that transaction is being processed, it needs to be included in both of the chains reliably. This requires some notion of sequencers being able to communicate, merge or otherwise network together.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Separation of Proving and Execution:<\/strong> Different applications have different security requirements, and those security requirements impose different kinds of restrictions on what interoperability properties can be achieved. By de-coupling the computation of chain state from the proving of cross-chain messages, we can maximize the interoperability of applications without fragmenting them to other chains.<\/p>\n<p>He says the Superchain can connect optimistic and ZK-rollups as well as other chains, providing a shared, modular standard for all these innovations to happen on.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>It is going to be far easier to make these chains interoperate when they are built on the same codebase, compared to interoperating chains, which were written separately from the ground up, he says.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>However, underscoring Threadbares point about political issues being more complicated than technical issues, Arbitrum CEO Steven Goldfeder dismissed the concept out of hand.<\/p>\n<p>The notion that were going to sort of coalesce on one particular <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/technology\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"4\" title=\"Technology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">technology<\/a> stack  a technology stack thats not even built out today, that doesnt have the core features that make it a layer 2 or make it a rollup  the notion that we do that is, I think, a bit presumptuous, he told The Defiant.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"h-why-connect-zk-rollups-with-optimism\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_connect_ZK-rollups_with_Optimism\"><\/span>Why connect ZK-rollups with Optimism?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>And Arbitrum is built using Optimistic Rollups. It might be even harder to convince ZK-rollups with their higher potential throughput, to coordinate via Optimism. To some it might seem like connecting fiber optic cables together with copper wire.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cointelegraph.com\/magazine\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/A-secure-open-source-Ethereum-L2.png\" alt=\"A secure open-source Ethereum L2\" class=\"wp-image-18546\" width=\"766\" height=\"383\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">All the L2s make this claim though (Coinbase)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>However, Optimism is laying the groundwork to incorporate ZK proofs (validity proofs) in its systems with the Bedrock upgrade, and the <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/optimism.mirror.xyz\/fLk5UGjZDiXFuvQh6R_HscMQuuY9ABYNF7PI76-qJYs\">Superchain<\/a> will take this idea even further. Compatibility there is the goal, says Jones.<\/p>\n<p>Other potential coordination methods are the Inter-Blockchain Communication Protocol from Cosmos or modular blockchain Celestia (though the latter seems to be trying to replace Ethereum as the data availability layer).<\/p>\n<p>But ZK-rollups could also connect directly with each other.\u00a0<\/p>\n<div class=\"article-suggest\">\n<div class=\"article-suggest__title display3\">Read also<\/div>\n<div class=\"article-suggest__items\">\n<div class=\"article-suggest__item\">                                                    <span>Features<\/span>                            The Becoming of Bitcoin: A Narrative Untainted by Illusions of Truth<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"article-suggest__item\">                                                    <span>Features<\/span>                            <\/p>\n<p>Can you trust crypto exchanges after the collapse of FTX?<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Polygon_ZK-rollups_will_be_interoperable\"><\/span><strong>Polygon ZK-rollups will be interoperable<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Polygon has a variety of flavors of ZK-rollup possible in development. They include Polygon Miden (similar to StarkNet), the Polygon zkEVM (compatible with existing EVM projects), Zero (recursive scaling) and Nightfall (Optimistic Rollups meet zero-knowledge cryptography).<\/p>\n<p>Threadbare says that coordinating internally to hook up Polygons ZK solutions is easier than coordinating with outside projects, and he believes the technical challenges are doable. The team is working on the LX-LY bridge to enable this interoperability already.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Because we are all part of the same company, then the technical integration becomes much easier to solve, he says. Moving between these rollups will be super, super simple.<\/p>\n<p>The friction, its not two separate chains or three separate chains. It doesnt appear like that. Its just one Polygon that settles on Ethereum. And moving assets or funds or tokens between these different environments is super, super straightforward and easy. Thats the end game.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cointelegraph.com\/magazine\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Ethereum-is-eating-the-world-You-only-need-one-internet-copy-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Ethereum is eating the world - You only need one internet\" class=\"wp-image-13411\" width=\"706\" height=\"397\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Ethereum is eating the world. Metaphorically that is. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"StarkEx_and_StarkNet\"><\/span><strong>StarkEx and StarkNet<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>StarkWares Ben-Sasson says they are building similar interoperability between StarkEx and StarkNet.<\/p>\n<p>Yeah, definitely. Were gonna be porting the StarkEx systems to be layer 3s over at StarkNet, and, at some point, for them to be solutions on top of StarkNet. Thats definitely the plan, he says.<\/p>\n<p>Back in 2020, StarkWare released a blog laying out its plans for interoperability, but Ben-Sasson says that has been superseded. StarkWares Cairo is a Turing-complete language and virtual machine, which makes it similar in capability to a <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/general\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"3\" title=\"General\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">general<\/a>-purpose computer.<\/p>\n<p>A good analogy is to think of a layer 2 or a layer 1 as some computer that is just a bit slower than your laptop, but it has a lot of integrity and safety, he says. So, you can start just connecting these computer programs in various ways. Just like today, computers talk to each other and inter-operate or compose.<\/p>\n<p>To get computers to talk to each other over the internet, a set of standards like TCP\/IP and HTTP were developed. Ben-Sasson agrees thats the likely path for connecting validity-proof rollups, too.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cointelegraph.com\/magazine\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Comparision-between-zk-STARKS-and-zk-SNAKRS.png\" alt=\"Comparision between zk-STARKS and zk-SNAKRS\" class=\"wp-image-18547\" width=\"697\" height=\"488\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Cointelegraph explainer on STARKs v SNARKs<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Perhaps_ZK-rollups_can_connect_direct\"><\/span><strong>Perhaps ZK-rollups can connect direct<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>StarkNet isnt working on standards like that at present, but Ben-Sasson suggests there may be other paths to interoperability. He says smart contracts can be written to interpret the different types of incompatible proofs used by different rollups. StarkNet uses STARKs as the name suggests; zkSync uses SNARKs, for example, while Polygon Zero uses recursive SNARKs called PLONKs.<\/p>\n<p>Someone already wrote on StarkNet a smart contract that allows you to verify a Groth 16 SNARK, he says.\u00a0<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">ZKPs might disrupt the design of the blockchain execution layer. Why bother with specialized languages, when you can just submit a proof of any computation in any language?<\/p>\n<p>\u2014 Jake Brukhman (@jbrukh) <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/jbrukh\/status\/1647207227701317633?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">April 15, 2023<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p>This means the two rollups can communicate directly.<\/p>\n<p>As long as you can, in chain one, verify the proofs of chain two, you can start having interoperability. StarkNet is already able to verify STARKs, and now also Groth 16 SNARKs, and Im pretty sure that very soon, well have things like, you know, PLONKs and Plonky and other kinds of systems.<\/p>\n<p>So, at least in StarkNet, it should be relatively straightforward to be able to prove things happened correctly in other chains, and you can start having interoperability.<\/p>\n<p>Fox tells me separately that Lineas system is already using the EVM to verify proofs (Groth16, PlonK, etc.) in a smart contract, which he says can make it interoperable with L3s.<\/p>\n<p>Ben-Sasson says it seems likely that StarkNet would be able to connect to different rollups directly.<\/p>\n<p>You can do it directly. You can do it because its a general-purpose computer and because of the validity rollup nature, right, that you can just have these systems talking to each other.<\/p>\n<p>So, it sounds like the future is interoperable and composable.<\/p>\n<p>Yes, it definitely is interoperable and composable. Yes. Definitely.<\/p>\n<div class=\"subscribe subscribe--inner\">\n<div class=\"container\">\n<div class=\"subscribe__inner\">\n<div class=\"subscribe__content\">\n<div class=\"subscribe__title display2\">Subscribe<\/div>\n<div class=\"subscribe__desc text-l\">The most engaging reads in blockchain. 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Follow us on\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><a style=\"color: #ff0000;\" href=\"https:\/\/news.google.com\/publications\/CAAqBwgKMLG0nwswvr63Aw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Google News<\/a><\/span>\u00a0too, click on the star and choose us from your favorites.<\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">For forums sites go to <span style=\"color: #ff9900;\"><a style=\"color: #ff9900;\" href=\"https:\/\/forum.buradabiliyorum.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forum.BuradaBiliyorum.Com<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>If you want to read more <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/news\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"2\" title=\"News\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">News<\/a> articles, you can visit our <span style=\"color: #ff9900;\"><a style=\"color: #ff9900;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.buradabiliyorum.com\/general\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">General category.<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"color: black;\"><a style=\"color: #ff9900;\" href=\"https:\/\/cointelegraph.com\/magazine\/ethereums-layer-2-zk-rollups-can-become-interoperable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Source<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ethereum\u2019s ZK rollups are engaged in a cutthroat competition. But they\u2019ll need to join forces for Ethereum to win. &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The past few weeks have seen a wave of zero-knowledge proof project launches, including Polygons zkEVM and Matter Labs zkSync Era on mainnet, and the Linea zkEVM from ConsenSys on testnet.&lt;\/strong&gt; They join StarkWares long-running StarkEx&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":571043,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/cointelegraph.com\/magazine\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/magazine-Interoperable-ZK-rollup-ecosystem-scaled.jpg","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-571042","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-general"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/571042","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=571042"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/571042\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/571043"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=571042"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=571042"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=571042"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}