{"id":614027,"date":"2024-03-23T21:40:01","date_gmt":"2024-03-23T18:40:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/en.buradabiliyorum.com\/generative-ai-could-leave-users-holding-the-bag-for-copyright-violations\/"},"modified":"2024-03-23T21:40:01","modified_gmt":"2024-03-23T18:40:01","slug":"generative-ai-could-leave-users-holding-the-bag-for-copyright-violations","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/generative-ai-could-leave-users-holding-the-bag-for-copyright-violations\/","title":{"rendered":"#Generative AI could leave users holding the bag for copyright violations"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_84 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a232606ec507\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #dd3333;color:#dd3333\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #dd3333;color:#dd3333\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a232606ec507\" checked aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/generative-ai-could-leave-users-holding-the-bag-for-copyright-violations\/#When_prompts_result_in_copyright_violations\" >When prompts result in copyright violations<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/generative-ai-could-leave-users-holding-the-bag-for-copyright-violations\/#How_to_build_guardrails\" >How to build guardrails<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/generative-ai-could-leave-users-holding-the-bag-for-copyright-violations\/#Role_for_regulation\" >Role for regulation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"article-gallery lightGallery\">\n<div data-thumb=\"https:\/\/scx1.b-cdn.net\/csz\/news\/tmb\/2024\/kindergarten-kids-usin.jpg\" data-src=\"https:\/\/scx2.b-cdn.net\/gfx\/news\/hires\/2024\/kindergarten-kids-usin.jpg\" data-sub-html=\"Credit: AI-generated image\">\n<figure class=\"article-img\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/scx1.b-cdn.net\/csz\/news\/800a\/2024\/kindergarten-kids-usin.jpg\" alt=\"kindergarten kids using an ai art generator\" title=\"Credit: AI-generated image\" width=\"800\" height=\"457\"\/><figcaption class=\"text-darken text-low-up text-truncate-js text-truncate mt-3\">\n                Credit: AI-generated image<br \/>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Generative artificial intelligence has been hailed for its potential to transform creativity, and especially by lowering the <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3582269.3615596\">barriers to content creation<\/a>. While the <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.adh4451\">creative potential of generative AI tools<\/a> has often been highlighted, the popularity of these tools poses questions about intellectual property and copyright protection.<\/p>\n<p>Generative AI tools such as ChatGPT are powered by <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/research.ibm.com\/blog\/what-are-foundation-models\">foundational AI models<\/a>, or AI models <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/hai.stanford.edu\/news\/what-foundation-model-explainer-non-experts\">trained on vast quantities of data<\/a>. Generative AI is <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/news.mit.edu\/2023\/explained-generative-ai-1109\">trained on<\/a> billions of pieces of data taken from text or images scraped from the internet.<\/p>\n<p>Generative AI uses very powerful machine learning methods such as <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2019-11-machine-learning-assisted-molecular-high-performance-photovoltaic.html\">deep learning<\/a> and <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.datacamp.com\/tutorial\/transfer-learning\">transfer learning<\/a> on such vast repositories of data to understand the relationships among those pieces of data\u2014for instance, which words tend to follow other words. This allows generative AI to perform a broad range of tasks that can mimic cognition and reasoning.<\/p>\n<p>One problem is that output from an AI tool can be <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/crsreports.congress.gov\/product\/pdf\/LSB\/LSB10922\">very similar to copyright-protected materials<\/a>. Leaving aside how generative models are trained, the challenge that widespread use of generative AI poses is how individuals and companies could be held liable when generative AI outputs infringe on copyright protections.<\/p>\n<p>                                                                                                        <!-- TechX - News - In-article --><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"When_prompts_result_in_copyright_violations\"><\/span>When prompts result in copyright violations<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/dap.2022.10\">Researchers<\/a> and <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tomshardware.com\/tech-industry\/artificial-intelligence\/ai-image-generators-output-copyrighted-characters\">journalists<\/a> have raised the possibility that through selective prompting strategies, people can end up creating text, images or video that violates copyright law. Typically, generative AI tools output an image, text or video but <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/spectrum.ieee.org\/midjourney-copyright\">do not provide any warning about potential infringement<\/a>. This raises the question of how to ensure that users of generative AI tools do not unknowingly end up infringing copyright protection.<\/p>\n<p>The legal argument advanced by generative AI companies is that AI trained on copyrighted works is not an infringement of copyright <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.adi0656\">since these models are not copying the training data<\/a>; rather, they are designed to learn the associations between the elements of writings and images like words and pixels. AI companies, including Stability AI, maker of image generator Stable Diffusion, contend that output images provided in response to a particular text prompt <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hollywoodreporter.com\/business\/business-news\/artists-copyright-infringement-case-ai-art-generators-1235632929\/\">is not likely to be a close match<\/a> for any specific image in the training data.<\/p>\n<p>                                                                                                                                            Builders of generative AI tools have argued that prompts do not reproduce the training data, which should protect them from claims of copyright violation. Some audit studies have shown, though, that <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tomshardware.com\/tech-industry\/artificial-intelligence\/ai-image-generators-output-copyrighted-characters\">end users of generative AI<\/a> can issue <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/spectrum.ieee.org\/midjourney-copyright\">prompts that result in copyright violations<\/a> by producing works that <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/garymarcus.substack.com\/p\/no-multimodal-chatgpt-is-not-going\">closely resemble copyright-protected content<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Establishing infringement requires <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/houstonlawreview.org\/article\/92126-copyright-safety-for-generative-ai\">detecting a close resemblance<\/a> between expressive elements of a stylistically similar work and original expression in particular works by that artist. Researchers have shown that methods such as training data extraction attacks, which involve selective prompting strategies, and <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2311.17035\">extractable memorization<\/a>, which tricks generative AI systems into revealing training data, can recover individual training examples ranging from photographs of individuals to trademarked company logos.<\/p>\n<p>Audit studies such as the one <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/spectrum.ieee.org\/midjourney-copyright\">conducted by computer scientist Gary Marcus and artist Reid Southern<\/a> provide several examples where there can be little ambiguity about the degree to which visual generative AI models produce images that infringe on copyright protection. The New York Times provided a similar comparison of images showing how generative AI tools <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2024\/01\/25\/business\/ai-image-generators-openai-microsoft-midjourney-copyright.html\">can violate copyright protection<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>                                                                                                        <!-- TechX - News - In-article --><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_to_build_guardrails\"><\/span>How to build guardrails<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Legal scholars have dubbed the challenge in developing guardrails against copyright infringement into AI tools <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4438593\">the &#8220;Snoopy problem<\/a>.&#8221; The more a copyrighted work is protecting a likeness\u2014for example, the cartoon character Snoopy\u2014the more likely it is a generative AI tool will copy it compared to copying a specific image.<\/p>\n<p>Researchers in computer vision <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3466780\">have long grappled with the issue<\/a> of how to detect copyright infringement, such as logos that are counterfeited or <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3466780\">images that are protected by patents<\/a>. Researchers have also examined how <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3611309\">logo detection can help identify counterfeit products<\/a>. These methods can be helpful in detecting violations of copyright. Methods to <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42256-023-00733-2\">establish content provenance and authenticity<\/a> could be helpful as well.<\/p>\n<p>With respect to model training, AI researchers have suggested methods for making <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42979-023-01767-4\">generative AI models unlearn<\/a> <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/openaccess.thecvf.com\/content\/CVPR2022W\/HCIS\/html\/Kim_Efficient_Two-Stage_Model_Retraining_for_Machine_Unlearning_CVPRW_2022_paper.html\">copyrighted data<\/a>. Some AI companies such as <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/claudeai.uk\/anthropic-says-no-client-data-used-in-ai-training\/\">Anthropic have announced pledges<\/a> to not use data produced by their customers to train advanced models such as Anthropic&#8217;s large language model Claude. Methods for AI safety such as <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2403.04893\">red teaming<\/a>\u2014attempts to force AI tools to misbehave\u2014or ensuring that the model training process <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2302.10870\">reduces the similarity<\/a> between the outputs of generative AI and copyrighted material may help as well.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Role_for_regulation\"><\/span>Role for regulation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Human creators know to decline requests to produce content that violates copyright. Can AI companies build similar guardrails into generative AI?<\/p>\n<p>There&#8217;s no established <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/download-scripts-themes-apps\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"9\" title=\"Download Scripts &amp; Themes &amp; Apps\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">app<\/a>roaches to build such guardrails into generative AI, nor are there any <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/spectrum.ieee.org\/midjourney-copyright\">public tools or databases that users can consult<\/a> to establish copyright infringement. Even if tools like these were available, they could put an excessive burden on <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/spectrum.ieee.org\/midjourney-copyright\">both users and content providers<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Given that naive users can&#8217;t be expected to learn and follow best practices to avoid infringing copyrighted material, there are roles for policymakers and regulation. It may take a combination of legal and regulatory guidelines to ensure best practices for copyright safety.<\/p>\n<p>For example, companies that build generative AI models could <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4438593\">use filtering or restrict model outputs<\/a> to limit copyright infringement. Similarly, regulatory intervention may be necessary to ensure that builders of generative AI models <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4438593\">build datasets and train models<\/a> in ways that reduce the risk that the output of their products infringe creators&#8217; copyrights.<\/p>\n<div class=\"d-inline-block text-medium my-4\">\n                                                Provided by<br \/>\n                                                                                                    The Conversation<br \/>\n                                                                                                        <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"icon_open\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\"><br \/>\n                                                        <svg><use href=\"https:\/\/techx.b-cdn.net\/tmpl\/v2\/img\/svg\/sprite.svg#icon_open\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n<p>                                                                                                                            This article is republished from <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/generative-ai-could-leave-users-holding-the-bag-for-copyright-violations-225760\">original article<\/a>.<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/225760\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-advanced\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\"\/><\/p>\n<p>                                        <!-- print only --><\/p>\n<div class=\"d-none d-print-block\">\n<p>                                                <strong>Citation<\/strong>:<br \/>\n                                                Generative AI could leave users holding the bag for copyright violations (2024, March 23)<br \/>\n                                                retrieved 23 March 2024<br \/>\n                                                from https:\/\/techxplore.com\/<a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/news\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"2\" title=\"News\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">news<\/a>\/2024-03-generative-ai-users-bag-copyright.html<\/p>\n<p>                                            This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no<br \/>\n                                            part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><script id=\"facebook-jssdk\" async=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/connect.facebook.net\/en_US\/sdk.js\"><\/script><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">If you liked the article, do not forget to share it with your friends. Follow us on\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><a style=\"color: #ff0000;\" href=\"https:\/\/news.google.com\/publications\/CAAqBwgKMN63nwsw68G3Aw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Google News<\/a><\/span>\u00a0too, click on the star and choose us from your favorites.<\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>If you want to read more Like this articles, you can visit our <span style=\"color: #ff9900;\"><a style=\"color: #ff9900;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.buradabiliyorum.com\/science\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science category.<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"color: black;\"><a style=\"color: #ff9900;\" href=\"https:\/\/techxplore.com\/news\/2024-03-generative-ai-users-bag-copyright.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Source<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Credit: AI-generated image Generative artificial intelligence has been hailed for its potential to transform creativity, and especially by lowering the barriers to content creation. While the creative potential of generative AI tools has often been highlighted, the popularity of these tools poses questions about intellectual property and copyright protection. Generative AI tools such as ChatGPT&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":614028,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/scx2.b-cdn.net\/gfx\/news\/hires\/2024\/kindergarten-kids-usin.jpg","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-614027","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sciencee"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/614027","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=614027"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/614027\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/614028"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=614027"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=614027"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=614027"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}