{"id":614870,"date":"2024-03-29T21:41:04","date_gmt":"2024-03-29T18:41:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/en.buradabiliyorum.com\/a-first-ever-complete-map-for-elastic-strain-engineering\/"},"modified":"2024-03-29T21:41:04","modified_gmt":"2024-03-29T18:41:04","slug":"a-first-ever-complete-map-for-elastic-strain-engineering","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/a-first-ever-complete-map-for-elastic-strain-engineering\/","title":{"rendered":"#A first-ever complete map for elastic strain engineering"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_84 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a239c8874e76\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #dd3333;color:#dd3333\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #dd3333;color:#dd3333\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a239c8874e76\" checked aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/a-first-ever-complete-map-for-elastic-strain-engineering\/#Small_strains_big_material_benefits\" >Small strains, big material benefits<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/a-first-ever-complete-map-for-elastic-strain-engineering\/#New_map_new_applications\" >New map, new applications<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"article-gallery lightGallery\">\n<div data-thumb=\"https:\/\/scx1.b-cdn.net\/csz\/news\/tmb\/2024\/a-first-ever-complete.jpg\" data-src=\"https:\/\/scx2.b-cdn.net\/gfx\/news\/2024\/a-first-ever-complete.jpg\" data-sub-html=\"The &quot;map,&quot; or the phonon stability boundary, is a graphical representation that plots the stability regions of a crystal as a function of strain. This map helps scientists and engineers determine the conditions under which a material can exist in a particular phase and when it might fail or transition to another phase. By analyzing the phonon stability boundary, researchers can understand material properties at extreme conditions and design new materials with desired characteristics. Credit: Zhe Shi et al\">\n<figure class=\"article-img\">\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/scx1.b-cdn.net\/csz\/news\/800a\/2024\/a-first-ever-complete.jpg\" alt=\"A first-ever complete map for elastic strain engineering\" title=\"The &quot;map,&quot; or the phonon stability boundary, is a graphical representation that plots the stability regions of a crystal as a function of strain. This map helps scientists and engineers determine the conditions under which a material can exist in a particular phase and when it might fail or transition to another phase. By analyzing the phonon stability boundary, researchers can understand material properties at extreme conditions and design new materials with desired characteristics. Credit: Zhe Shi et al\" width=\"800\" height=\"530\"\/><figcaption class=\"text-darken text-low-up text-truncate-js text-truncate mt-3\">\n                The &#8220;map,&#8221; or the phonon stability boundary, is a graphical representation that plots the stability regions of a crystal as a function of strain. This map helps scientists and engineers determine the conditions under which a material can exist in a particular phase and when it might fail or transition to another phase. By analyzing the phonon stability boundary, researchers can understand material properties at extreme conditions and design new materials with desired characteristics. Credit: Zhe Shi et al<br \/>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Without a map, it can be just about impossible to know not just where you are, but where you&#8217;re going, and that&#8217;s especially true when it comes to materials properties.<\/p>\n<p>For decades, scientists have understood that while bulk materials behave in certain ways, those rules can break down for materials at the micro- and nano-scales, and often in surprising ways. One of those surprises was the finding that, for some materials, <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/download-scripts-themes-apps\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"9\" title=\"Download Scripts &amp; Themes &amp; Apps\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">app<\/a>lying even modest strains\u2014a concept known as elastic strain engineering\u2014on materials can dramatically improve certain properties, provided those strains stay elastic and do not relax away by plasticity, fracture, or phase transformations. Micro- and nano-scale materials are especially good at holding applied strains in the elastic form.<\/p>\n<p>Precisely how to apply those elastic strains (or equivalently, residual stress) to achieve certain material properties, however, had been less clear\u2014until recently.<\/p>\n<p>Using a combination of first principles calculations and machine learning, a team of MIT researchers has developed the first-ever map of how to tune crystalline materials to produce specific thermal and electronic properties.<\/p>\n<p>Led by Ju Li, the Battelle Energy Alliance Professor in Nuclear Engineering and professor of materials <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/sciencee\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"5\" title=\"Science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">science<\/a> and engineering, the team described a framework for understanding precisely how changing the elastic strains on a material can fine-tune properties like thermal and electrical conductivity. The work is described in an open-access paper <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2313840121\">published<\/a> in <i>PNAS<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;For the first time, by using machine learning, we&#8217;ve been able to delineate the complete six-dimensional boundary of ideal strength, which is the upper limit to elastic strain engineering, and create a map for these electronic and phononic properties,&#8221; Li says. &#8220;We can now use this approach to explore many other materials. Traditionally, people create new materials by changing the chemistry.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;For example, with a ternary alloy, you can change the percentage of two elements, so you have two degrees of freedom,&#8221; he continues. &#8220;What we&#8217;ve shown is that diamond, with just one element, is equivalent to a six-component alloy, because you have six degrees of elastic strain freedom you can tune independently.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>                                                                                                        <!-- TechX - News - In-article --><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Small_strains_big_material_benefits\"><\/span>Small strains, big material benefits<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The paper builds on a foundation laid as far back as the 1980s, when researchers first discovered that the performance of semiconductor materials doubled when a small\u2014just 1 percent\u2014elastic strain was applied to the material.<\/p>\n<p>While that discovery was quickly commercialized by the semiconductor industry and today is used to increase the performance of microchips in everything from laptops to cellphones, that level of strain is very small compared to what we can achieve now, says Subra Suresh, the Vannevar Bush Professor of Engineering Emeritus.<\/p>\n<p>In a 2018 <i>Science<\/i> paper, Suresh, Dao, and colleagues <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2018-04-diamond-flexible-ultrafine-needles.html\">demonstrated that 1 percent strain<\/a> was just the tip of the iceberg.<\/p>\n<p>As part of a 2018 study, Suresh and colleagues demonstrated for the first time that diamond nanoneedles could withstand elastic strains of as much as 9 percent and still return to their original state. Later on, several groups independently confirmed that microscale diamond can indeed elastically deform by approximately 7 percent in tension reversibly.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Once we showed we could bend nanoscale diamonds and create strains on the order of 9 or 10 percent, the question was, what do you do with it,&#8221; Suresh says. &#8220;It turns out diamond is a very good semiconductor material \u2026 and one of our questions was, if we can mechanically strain diamond, can we reduce the band gap from 5.6 electron-volts to two or three? Or can we get it all the way down to zero, where it begins to conduct like a metal?&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>                                                                                                                                            To answer those questions, the team first turned to machine learning in an effort to get a more precise picture of exactly how strain altered material properties.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Strain is a big space,&#8221; Li explains. &#8220;You can have tensile strain, you can have shear strain in multiple directions, so it&#8217;s a six-dimensional space, and the phonon band is three-dimensional, so in total there are nine tunable parameters. So, we&#8217;re using machine learning, for the first time, to create a complete map for navigating the electronic and phononic properties and identify the boundaries.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Armed with that map, the team subsequently demonstrated how strain could be used to dramatically alter diamond&#8217;s semiconductor properties.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Diamond is like the Mt. Everest of electronic materials,&#8221; Li says, &#8220;because it has very high thermal conductivity, very high dielectric breakdown strengths, a very big carrier mobility. What we have shown is we can controllably squish Mt. Everest down \u2026 so we show that by strain engineering you can either improve diamond&#8217;s thermal conductivity by a factor of two, or make it much worse by a factor of 20.&#8221;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"New_map_new_applications\"><\/span>New map, new applications<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Going forward, the findings could be used to explore a host of exotic material properties, Li says, from dramatically reduced thermal conductivity to superconductivity.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Experimentally, these properties are already accessible with nanoneedles and even microbridges,&#8221; he says. &#8220;And we have seen exotic properties, like reducing diamond&#8217;s (thermal conductivity) to only a few hundred watts per meter-Kelvin. Recently, people have shown that you can produce room-temperature superconductors with hydrides if you squeeze them to a few hundred gigapascals, so we have found all kinds of exotic behavior once we have the map.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>                                                                                                        <!-- TechX - News - In-article --><\/p>\n<p>                                                                                                                                            The results could also influence the design of next-generation computer chips capable of running much faster and cooler than today&#8217;s processors, as well as quantum sensors and communication devices. As the semiconductor manufacturing industry moves to denser and denser architectures, Suresh says the ability to tune a material&#8217;s thermal conductivity will be particularly important for heat dissipation.<\/p>\n<p>While the paper could inform the design of future generations of microchips, Zhe Shi, a postdoc in Li&#8217;s lab and first author of the paper, says more work will be needed before those chips find their way into the average laptop or cellphone.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;We know that 1 percent strain can give you an order of magnitude increase in the clock speed of your CPU,&#8221; Shi says. &#8220;There are a lot of manufacturing and device problems that need to be solved in order for this to become realistic, but I think it&#8217;s definitely a great start. It&#8217;s an exciting beginning to what could lead to significant strides in <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/technology\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"4\" title=\"Technology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">technology<\/a>.&#8221;<\/p>\n<div class=\"article-main__more p-4\">\n                                                                                                <strong>More information:<\/strong><br \/>\n                                                Zhe Shi et al, Phonon stability boundary and deep elastic strain engineering of lattice thermal conductivity, <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/i> (2024). <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" data-doi=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2313840121\">DOI: 10.1073\/pnas.2313840121<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"d-inline-block text-medium my-4\">\n                                                Provided by<br \/>\n                                                                                                    Massachusetts Institute of Technology<br \/>\n                                                                                                        <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"icon_open\" href=\"http:\/\/web.mit.edu\/\"><br \/>\n                                                        <svg>\n                                                            <use href=\"https:\/\/techx.b-cdn.net\/tmpl\/v2\/img\/svg\/sprite.svg#icon_open\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\"\/>\n                                                        <\/svg><br \/>\n                                                    <\/a><\/p><\/div>\n<p>                                                                                                                            <i>This story is republished courtesy of MIT <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/news\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"2\" title=\"News\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">News<\/a> (<a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/web.mit.edu\/newsoffice\/\">web.mit.edu\/newsoffice\/<\/a>), a popular site that covers news about MIT research, innovation and teaching.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>                                        <!-- print only --><\/p>\n<div class=\"d-none d-print-block\">\n<p>                                                <strong>Citation<\/strong>:<br \/>\n                                                A first-ever complete map for elastic strain engineering (2024, March 29)<br \/>\n                                                retrieved 29 March 2024<br \/>\n                                                from https:\/\/techxplore.com\/news\/2024-03-elastic-strain.html<\/p>\n<p>                                            This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no<br \/>\n                                            part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><script id=\"facebook-jssdk\" async=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/connect.facebook.net\/en_US\/sdk.js\"><\/script><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">If you liked the article, do not forget to share it with your friends. 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This map helps scientists and engineers determine the conditions under which a material can exist in a particular phase and when it might fail or transition to another phase. By analyzing&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":614871,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/scx2.b-cdn.net\/gfx\/news\/2024\/a-first-ever-complete.jpg","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-614870","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sciencee"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/614870","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=614870"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/614870\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/614871"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=614870"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=614870"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=614870"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}