{"id":652111,"date":"2025-02-04T05:20:16","date_gmt":"2025-02-04T02:20:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/en.buradabiliyorum.com\/skin-phantoms-help-researchers-improve-wearable-devices-without-people-wearing-them\/"},"modified":"2025-02-04T05:20:16","modified_gmt":"2025-02-04T02:20:16","slug":"skin-phantoms-help-researchers-improve-wearable-devices-without-people-wearing-them","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/skin-phantoms-help-researchers-improve-wearable-devices-without-people-wearing-them\/","title":{"rendered":"#Skin phantoms help researchers improve wearable devices without people wearing\u00a0them"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_84 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a24136bcc99f\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #dd3333;color:#dd3333\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #dd3333;color:#dd3333\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a24136bcc99f\" checked aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/skin-phantoms-help-researchers-improve-wearable-devices-without-people-wearing-them\/#What_is_a_skin_phantom\" >What is a skin phantom?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/skin-phantoms-help-researchers-improve-wearable-devices-without-people-wearing-them\/#Testing_the_skin_phantom\" >Testing the skin phantom<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/skin-phantoms-help-researchers-improve-wearable-devices-without-people-wearing-them\/#Wearable_technology\" >Wearable technology<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/35684\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Wearable devices<\/a> have become a big part of modern health care, helping track a patient\u2019s heart rate, stress levels and brain activity. These devices <a rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C7LC00914C\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">rely on electrodes<\/a>, sensors that touch the skin to pick up electrical signals from the body.<\/p>\n<p>Creating these electrodes isn\u2019t as easy as it might seem. Human <a rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02478741\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">skin is complex<\/a>. Its properties, such as how well it conducts electricity, can change depending on how hydrated it is, how old you are or even the weather. These changes can make it hard to test how well a wearable device works.<\/p>\n<p>Additionally, testing electrodes often involves <a rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sna.2021.112784\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">human volunteers<\/a>, which can be tricky and unpredictable. Everyone\u2019s skin is different, meaning results aren\u2019t always consistent. Testing also takes time and money. Plus, there are ethical concerns about asking people to participate in these experiments, including making sure they are informed about the risks and benefits and can voluntarily participate.<\/p>\n<p>Scientists have tried to create <a rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0967-3334\/31\/2\/009\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">artificial skin models<\/a> to avoid some of these problems, but existing ones haven\u2019t been able to fully mimic the way skin behaves when interacting with wearable sensors. To address these limitations, my colleagues <a rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.co.in\/citations?user=40GBlysAAAAJ&amp;hl=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">and I<\/a> have developed a tool called a <a rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sna.2022.113513\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">biomimetic skin phantom<\/a> \u2013 a model that mimics the electrical behavior of human skin, making testing wearable sensors easier, cheaper and more reliable.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_a_skin_phantom\"><\/span>What is a skin phantom?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Our <a rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/intechopen.111429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">biomimetic skin phantom<\/a> is made of two layers that capture the nuances of both the skin\u2019s surface and deeper tissues. \u201cBiomimetic\u201d means it imitates something from nature \u2013 in this case, human skin. \u201cPhantom\u201d refers to a physical model or device made to mimic the properties of something real, like human tissues, so it can be used for research instead of relying on actual people.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/644738\/original\/file-20250124-15-ydrx4v.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" alt=\"Diagram of five layers of epidermis, with the dermis at the bottom\" class=\"js-lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/644738\/original\/file-20250124-15-ydrx4v.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/644738\/original\/file-20250124-15-ydrx4v.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=474&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/644738\/original\/file-20250124-15-ydrx4v.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=474&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/644738\/original\/file-20250124-15-ydrx4v.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=474&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/644738\/original\/file-20250124-15-ydrx4v.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=596&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/644738\/original\/file-20250124-15-ydrx4v.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=596&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/644738\/original\/file-20250124-15-ydrx4v.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=596&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/644738\/original\/file-20250124-15-ydrx4v.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"Diagram of five layers of epidermis, with the dermis at the bottom\" class=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/644738\/original\/file-20250124-15-ydrx4v.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=474&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/644738\/original\/file-20250124-15-ydrx4v.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=474&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/644738\/original\/file-20250124-15-ydrx4v.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=474&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/644738\/original\/file-20250124-15-ydrx4v.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=596&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/644738\/original\/file-20250124-15-ydrx4v.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=596&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/644738\/original\/file-20250124-15-ydrx4v.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=596&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\"\/><\/a><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Your skin is made up of multiple layers of cells.<\/span><br \/><span class=\"attribution\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\/pages\/5-1-layers-of-the-skin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">OpenStax<\/a>, <a rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"license\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">CC BY-SA<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The bottom layer mimics the deeper tissues under the skin. It is made from a gel-like substance called <a rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0032-3861(92)90385-A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">polyvinyl alcohol cryogel<\/a>, which can be adjusted to have similar softness and electrical conductivity to real biological tissues. We chose this material because these qualities, along with its durability and wide use in biomedical research, make it a good stand-in for the deeper layers of skin.<\/p>\n<p>The top layer mimics the outermost part of the skin, known as the stratum corneum. It is made from a <a rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/srt.12235\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">silicone-like material<\/a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app10072296\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">called PDMS<\/a>, which is mixed with special additives to match the skin\u2019s electrical properties. Also widely used in biomedical research, PDMS is flexible and easy to shape to closely replicate the skin\u2019s outer layer.<\/p>\n<p>One unique feature of our skin phantom is its ability to mimic different levels of <a rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpj.2013.05.008\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">skin hydration<\/a>. Hydration affects how well skin conducts electricity. Dry skin has higher resistance, meaning it opposes the flow of electricity. This makes it harder for wearable devices to pick up signals. Hydrated skin conducts electricity more easily because water improves the movement of charged particles, leading to better <a rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22218510\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">signal quality<\/a>. Improving how dry skin is modeled and tested can lead to better electrode designs.<\/p>\n<p>To replicate the effects of skin hydration, we <a rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sna.2022.113513\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">introduced adjustable pores<\/a> into the top PDMS layer of the skin phantom. By precisely changing the size and density of the pores, the model can mimic dry or hydrated skin conditions.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Testing_the_skin_phantom\"><\/span>Testing the skin phantom<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>My team and I tested our skin phantom in several ways to see whether it could truly replace human skin in experiments.<\/p>\n<p>First, we used a method called <a rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.snb.2018.08.155\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">impedance spectroscopy<\/a> to study the phantom\u2019s electrical properties. This technique <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/download-scripts-themes-apps\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"9\" title=\"Download Scripts &amp; Themes &amp; Apps\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">app<\/a>lies alternating electrical signals at different frequencies and measures the material\u2019s resistance to electrical flow, providing a detailed profile of its electrical behavior. Results from the experiments we conducted on five volunteers showed that the phantom\u2019s impedance response <a rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sna.2022.113513\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">closely mirrored<\/a> that of human skin across both dry and hydrated conditions, with a difference of less than 20% between real skin and the phantom.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/644737\/original\/file-20250124-17-30i9dx.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" alt=\"Close-up of skin, a water droplet sliding down\" class=\"js-lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/644737\/original\/file-20250124-17-30i9dx.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/644737\/original\/file-20250124-17-30i9dx.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/644737\/original\/file-20250124-17-30i9dx.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/644737\/original\/file-20250124-17-30i9dx.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/644737\/original\/file-20250124-17-30i9dx.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/644737\/original\/file-20250124-17-30i9dx.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/644737\/original\/file-20250124-17-30i9dx.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/644737\/original\/file-20250124-17-30i9dx.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"Close-up of skin, a water droplet sliding down\" class=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/644737\/original\/file-20250124-17-30i9dx.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/644737\/original\/file-20250124-17-30i9dx.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/644737\/original\/file-20250124-17-30i9dx.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/644737\/original\/file-20250124-17-30i9dx.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/644737\/original\/file-20250124-17-30i9dx.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/644737\/original\/file-20250124-17-30i9dx.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\"\/><\/a><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Moist skin behaves differently from dry skin.<\/span><br \/><span class=\"attribution\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gettyimages.com\/detail\/photo\/perspiration-on-skin-extreme-close-up-royalty-free-image\/89003716\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Frederic Cirou\/PhotoAlto via Getty Images<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>We also tested whether wearable devices could pick up signals from the skin phantom and how signal quality changed with different skin conditions. To do this, we recorded <a rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sna.2022.113513\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">eletrocardiogram signals<\/a> on phantoms designed to mimic dry and hydrated skin. The results showed clear <a rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sna.2022.113513\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">differences in signal quality<\/a>: The phantom simulating dry skin had a lower signal-to-noise ratio, while the hydrated skin phantom showed better signal clarity. These findings are consistent with <a rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2010.01009.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">previous studies<\/a> from other researchers.<\/p>\n<p>Together, our skin phantom closely replicates the way human skin responds to wearable sensors across a range of conditions, including dry and hydrated states. This accuracy makes it an optimal stand-in for real skin in the lab.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Wearable_technology\"><\/span>Wearable technology<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The skin phantom is more than just a testing tool \u2013 it\u2019s a step forward for wearable health <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/technology\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"4\" title=\"Technology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">technology<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>By removing the unpredictability of human testing, scientists can design and improve wearable devices more quickly and effectively. They can also use it to study how skin interacts with medical devices, such as patches that deliver medicine or advanced diagnostic tools.<\/p>\n<p>Our skin phantom is also simple and inexpensive. Each phantom <a rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sna.2022.113513\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">costs less than US$3<\/a> and can be made with standard lab materials and tools. It can be reused multiple times within the same day without significant changes in its electrical properties, though extended use over several days may require adjustments, such as rehydration, to maintain stable performance. This affordability and reusability make the phantom more accessible for labs with limited budgets or resources.<\/p>\n<p>As wearable technology becomes more common in health care, tools such as the skin phantom can help make devices more reliable, accessible and personalized for everyone.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. 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More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/243766\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\"\" srcset=\"\"\/><\/p>\n<p><em><a rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/krittika-goyal-2260654\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Krittika Goyal<\/a>, Assistant Professor of Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering Technology, <a rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/rochester-institute-of-technology-1379\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Rochester Institute of Technology<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>This article is republished from <a rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/skin-phantoms-help-researchers-improve-wearable-devices-without-people-wearing-them-243766\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">original article<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<blockquote><p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">If you liked the article, do not forget to share it with your friends. Follow us on\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><a style=\"color: #ff0000;\" href=\"https:\/\/news.google.com\/publications\/CAAqBwgKMN63nwsw68G3Aw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Google News<\/a><\/span>\u00a0too, click on the star and choose us from your favorites.<\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>If you want to read more like this article, you can visit our <span style=\"color: #ff9900;\"><a style=\"color: #ff9900;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.buradabiliyorum.com\/category\/technology\/\" target=\"_blank\" >Technology category.<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"color: black;\"><a style=\"color: #ff9900;\" href=\"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/news\/skin-phantoms-wearable-devices\" target=\"_blank\" >Source<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Wearable devices have become a big part of modern health care, helping track a patient\u2019s heart rate, stress levels and brain activity. These devices rely on electrodes, sensors that touch the skin to pick up electrical signals from the body. Creating these electrodes isn\u2019t as easy as it might seem. Human skin is complex. 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