{"id":82800,"date":"2020-10-06T14:34:58","date_gmt":"2020-10-06T11:34:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/en.buradabiliyorum.com\/why-ai-needs-a-physical-body-to-emotionally-connect-with-humans\/"},"modified":"2020-10-06T14:34:58","modified_gmt":"2020-10-06T11:34:58","slug":"why-ai-needs-a-physical-body-to-emotionally-connect-with-humans","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/why-ai-needs-a-physical-body-to-emotionally-connect-with-humans\/","title":{"rendered":"#Why AI needs a physical body to emotionally connect with humans"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a393fbd96d01\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #dd3333;color:#dd3333\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #dd3333;color:#dd3333\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a393fbd96d01\" checked aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/why-ai-needs-a-physical-body-to-emotionally-connect-with-humans\/#Theory_of_mind\" >Theory of mind<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/why-ai-needs-a-physical-body-to-emotionally-connect-with-humans\/#Physical_learning\" >Physical learning<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p>&#8220;<strong>#Why AI needs a physical body to emotionally connect with humans<\/strong>&#8221;<\/p>\n<div>\n                                Artificial intelligence seems to be making enormous advances. It has become the key <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/technology\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"4\" title=\"Technology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">technology<\/a> behind <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/self-driving-cars-why-we-cant-expect-them-to-be-moral-108299\">self-driving cars<\/a>, <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/venturebeat.com\/2020\/06\/03\/how-googleis-using-emerging-ai-techniques-to-improve-language-translation-quality\/\">automatic translation systems<\/a>, speech and textual analysis, image processing and all kinds of <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/breast-cancer-diagnosis-by-ai-now-as-good-as-human-experts-115487\">diagnosis<\/a> and recognition systems. In many cases, AI can <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wired.co.uk\/article\/deepmind-ai-chess\">surpass the best<\/a> human performance levels at specific tasks.<\/p>\n<p>We are witnessing the emergence of a new commercial industry with intense activity, <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/why-tech-giants-are-investing-millions-in-ai-that-can-play-video-games-84151\">massive financial investment<\/a>, and tremendous potential. It would seem that there are no areas that are beyond improvement by AI \u2013 no tasks that cannot be automated, no problems that can\u2019t at least be helped by an AI <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/download-scripts-themes-apps\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"9\" title=\"Download Scripts &amp; Themes &amp; Apps\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">app<\/a>lication. But is this strictly true?<\/p>\n<p>Theoretical studies of computation have shown there are some things <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/major-quantum-computational-breakthrough-is-shaking-up-physics-and-maths-136634\">that are not computable<\/a>. Alan Turing, the brilliant mathematician and code breaker, proved that some computations might never finish (while others would take years or even centuries).<\/p>\n<p>For example, we can easily compute a few moves ahead in a <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/game\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"7\" title=\"Game\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">game<\/a> of chess, but to examine all the moves to the end of a typical 80-move chess game is completely impractical. Even using one of the world\u2019s fastest supercomputers, running at over one hundred thousand trillion operations per second, it would take over a year to get just a tiny portion of the chess space explored. This is also known as the <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/116\/6\/1870\">scaling-up problem<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Early AI research often produced good results on small numbers of combinations of a problem (like noughts and crosses, known as toy problems) but would not scale up to larger ones like chess (real-life problems). Fortunately, modern AI has developed <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/googles-go-triumph-is-a-milestone-for-artificial-intelligence-research-53762\">alternative ways<\/a> of dealing with such problems. These can beat the world\u2019s best human players, not by looking at all possible moves ahead, but by looking a lot further than the human mind can manage. It does this by using methods involving approximations, probability estimates, large neural networks and other machine-learning techniques.<\/p>\n<p>But these are really problems of computer <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/sciencee\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"5\" title=\"Science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">science<\/a>, not artificial intelligence. Are there any fundamental limitations on AI performing intelligently? A serious issue becomes clear when we consider human-computer interaction. It is widely expected that future AI systems will <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/do-we-want-to-live-in-a-world-where-our-best-friends-are-ai-chatbots-91451\">communicate with<\/a> and assist humans in friendly, fully interactive, <a href=\"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/category\/social-mediaa\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"1\" title=\"Social Media\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">social<\/a> exchanges.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Theory_of_mind\"><\/span>Theory of mind<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Of course, we already have primitive versions of such systems. But audio-command systems and call-centre-style script-processing just <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/ai-theres-a-reason-its-so-bad-at-conversation-103249\">pretend to be conversations<\/a>. What is needed are proper social interactions, involving free-flowing conversations over the long term during which AI systems remember the person and their past conversations. AI will have to understand intentions and beliefs and the meaning of what people are saying.<\/p>\n<p>This requires what is known in psychology as a <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/article\/2210508-ai-passes-theory-of-mind-test-by-imagining-itself-in-anothers-shoes\/\">theory of mind<\/a> \u2013 an understanding that the person you are engaged with has a way of thinking, and roughly sees the world in the same way as you do. So when someone talks about their experiences, you can identify and appreciate what they describe and how it relates to yourself, giving meaning to their comments.<\/p>\n<p>We also observe the person\u2019s actions and infer their intentions and preferences from gestures and signals. So when Sally says, \u201cI think that John likes Zoe but thinks that Zoe finds him unsuitable\u201d, we know that Sally has a first-order model of herself (her own thoughts), a second-order model of John\u2019s thoughts, and a third-order model of what John thinks Zoe thinks. Notice that we need to have similar experiences of life to understand this.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Physical_learning\"><\/span>Physical learning<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>It is clear that all this social interaction only makes sense to the parties involved if they have a \u201c<a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/can-robots-ever-have-a-true-sense-of-self-scientists-are-making-progress-112315\">sense of self<\/a>\u201d and can similarly maintain a model of the self of the other agent. In order to understand someone else, it is necessary to know oneself. An AI \u201cself model\u201d should include a subjective perspective, involving how its body operates (for example, its visual viewpoint depends upon the physical location of its eyes), a detailed map of its own space, and a repertoire of well understood skills and actions.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center \">\n<figure class=\"post-image post-mediaBleed aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" alt=\"Picture of a robot looking out the window.\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\" lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/361046\/original\/file-20201001-23-s28vj3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;rect=0%2C0%2C4618%2C3308&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" data-lazy=\"true\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/361046\/original\/file-20201001-23-s28vj3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/361046\/original\/file-20201001-23-s28vj3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/361046\/original\/file-20201001-23-s28vj3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/361046\/original\/file-20201001-23-s28vj3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/361046\/original\/file-20201001-23-s28vj3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/361046\/original\/file-20201001-23-s28vj3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\"\/><figcaption><a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/neural\/2020\/10\/06\/why-ai-needs-a-physical-body-to-emotionally-connect-with-humans-syndication\/#\" data-url=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fthenextweb.com%2Fneural%2F2020%2F10%2F06%2Fwhy-ai-needs-a-physical-body-to-emotionally-connect-with-humans-syndication%2F&amp;via=thenextweb&amp;related=thenextweb&amp;text=Check out this picture on: AI needs a body to develop a sense of self. Phonlamai Photo\/Shutterstock\" data-title=\"Share AI needs a body to develop a sense of self. Phonlamai Photo\/Shutterstock on Twitter\" data-width=\"685\" data-height=\"500\" class=\"post-image-share popitup\" title=\"Share AI needs a body to develop a sense of self. Phonlamai Photo\/Shutterstock on Twitter\"><i class=\"icon icon--inline icon--twitter--dark\"\/><\/a>AI needs a body to develop a sense of self. Phonlamai Photo\/Shutterstock<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<\/figure>\n<p>That means a physical body is required in order to ground the sense of self in concrete data and experience. When an action by one agent is observed by another, it can be mutually understood through the shared components of experience. This means social AI will need to be realized in robots with bodies. How could a software box have a subjective viewpoint of, and in, the physical world, the world that humans inhabit? Our conversational systems must be not just embedded but embodied.<\/p>\n<p>A designer can\u2019t effectively build a software sense-of-self for a robot. If a subjective viewpoint were designed in from the outset, it would be the designer\u2019s own viewpoint, and it would also need to learn and cope with experiences unknown to the designer. So what we need to design is a framework that supports the learning of a subjective viewpoint.<\/p>\n<p>Fortunately, there is a way out of these difficulties. Humans face exactly the same problems but they don\u2019t solve them all at once. The first years of infancy display <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/20787739-mary-sheridan-s-from-birth-to-five-years\">incredible developmental progress<\/a>, during which we learn how to control our bodies and how to perceive and experience objects, agents and environments. We also learn how to act and the consequences of acts and interactions.<\/p>\n<p>Research in the new field of developmental robotics is now exploring how robots can learn from scratch, like infants. The first stages involve discovering the properties of passive objects and the \u201cphysics\u201d of the robot\u2019s world. Later on, robots note and copy <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnbot.2014.00001\/full\">interactions with agents<\/a> (carers), followed by gradually more complex modeling of the self in context. In <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/mitpress.mit.edu\/books\/how-grow-robot\">my new book<\/a>, I explore the experiments in this field.<\/p>\n<p>So while disembodied AI definitely has a fundamental limitation, future research with robot bodies may one day help create lasting, empathetic, social interactions between AI and humans.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\" lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/146870\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" data-lazy=\"true\"\/><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><em>This article is republished from <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a>\u00a0by\u00a0<a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/mark-lee-1132573\">Mark Lee<\/a>, Emeritus Professor in Computer Science, <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/aberystwyth-university-999\">Aberystwyth University<\/a>\u00a0under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/why-ai-cant-ever-reach-its-full-potential-without-a-physical-body-146870\">original article<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"c-post-pubDate\">\n                                    Published October 6, 2020 \u2014 11:34 UTC<\/p><\/div>\n<p><script async src=\"\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><script data-src=\"https:\/\/connect.facebook.net\/en_US\/sdk.js#xfbml=1&amp;appId=378011798897423&amp;version=v2.6\" id=\"socialSrcFacebook\" type=\"text\/template\"><\/script><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">For forums sites go to <span style=\"color: #ff9900;\"><a style=\"color: #ff9900;\" href=\"https:\/\/forum.buradabiliyorum.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Forum.BuradaBiliyorum.Com<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>If you want to read more like this article, you can visit our <span style=\"color: #ff9900;\"><a style=\"color: #ff9900;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.buradabiliyorum.com\/technology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Technology category.<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"color: black;\"><a style=\"color: #ff9900;\" href=\"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/neural\/2020\/10\/06\/why-ai-needs-a-physical-body-to-emotionally-connect-with-humans-syndication\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Source<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#8220;#Why AI needs a physical body to emotionally connect with humans&#8221; Artificial intelligence seems to be making enormous advances. It has become the key technology behind self-driving cars, automatic translation systems, speech and textual analysis, image processing and all kinds of diagnosis and recognition systems. In many cases, AI can surpass the best human performance&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":82801,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/img-cdn.tnwcdn.com\/image\/neural?filter_last=1&fit=1280,640&url=https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2020\/10\/image-1-1.png&signature=5de42a942f6d3c953a4ba5e546cb2342","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-82800","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-technology"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/82800","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=82800"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/82800\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/82801"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=82800"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=82800"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/buradabiliyorum.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=82800"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}